Transcript THE FOUNDING OF A NATION(1776

THE FOUNDING OF A
NATION(1776-1814)
LET II
• INTRODUCTION
•
The Formative Years was a period of
internal struggle, growth, and change for
the United States. Although the nation
underwent its most devastating war, The
Civil War, it also experienced many
inventions, personal achievements, and
evolutions in the arts.
• During this period, the U.S. evolved into
one of the strongest and most influential
countries in the world.
• THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR
•
After the War of 1812, America did not
engage in any conflicts until 1845 when the U.S.
annexed Texas.
•
Texas originally became a part of Mexico in
1821. Soon after, Stephen Austin arranged with
the Mexican government to settle 300 American
families in Texas. Then, in 1834, General
Antonio Santa Anna, who was called the
“Napoleon of the West,” became dictator of
Mexico, threw out its constitution, and
established a centralist government.
• One year later, the Americans in Texas revolted against
Santa Anna’s government and seized the Mexican
garrison at San Antonio. Although they were defeated at
the Alamo in 1836, the Texans under Sam Houston
crushed Santa Anna’s forces at San Jacinto and
captured him. To regain his freedom, Santa Anna signed
a treaty recognizing Texan independence. The new
republic of Texas included parts of present-day
Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and
Wyoming. However, the Mexican government did not
recognize Santa Anna’s treaty and removed him from
office.
• To regain his freedom, Santa Anna signed
a treaty recognizing Texan independence.
The new republic of Texas included parts
of present-day Colorado, Kansas, New
Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.
However, the Mexican government did not
recognize Santa Anna’s treaty and
removed him from office.
• Texas remained a republic from 1836 until
it was admitted to the Union as the 28th
state in December 1845. But, Mexico, still
claimed Texas and border disputes
developed. One of these disputes was
over the boundary between Texas and
Mexico. Texas claimed the Rio Grande
River as its southwestern border; Mexico
said it was the Nueces River.
BEAR FLAG REVOLT 1846
FORT LEAVENWORTH
SAN FRANCISCO
MONTEREY
LOS ANGELES
U N ITE D
SAN GABRIEL 1847
STOCKTON AND KEARNY
SAN DIEGO
STAT E S
SANTA FE
R.)
SAN PASQUAL 1846
D IS P U TE D A R E A
EL BRAZITO (EL PASO)
1846
DONIPHAN 1846
T EX AS
NEW ORLEANS
SAN ANTONIO
SACRAMENTO 1847
CHIHUAHUA
TAYLOR
1846
PALO ALTO 1846
FORT BROWN 1846
MATAMOROS RESACA DE LA PALMA 1846
SALTILLO
PAC IFI C
OC EAN
PARRAS
BUENA VISTA 1847
MONTERREY 1846
TAYLOR
1846
VICTORIA
M EXIC O
U NI T ED STATES FO RC ES
MAJOR BATT LE
0
0
400 MILES
400 KILOMETERS
SCOTT 1847
LOBOS IS.
SAN LUIS
POTOSI
CHAPULTEPEC
1847
MEXICO
CITY
G UL F O F
MEXICO
CERRO GORDO
1847
VERACRUZ
1847
CHURUBUSCO 1847
• THE CAUSES OF WAR
• Mexico refused to recognize the annexation of Texas by the U.S. in 1845.
• Mexico owed U.S. citizens about $3 million
to make up for the lives and property lost
in Mexico through revolution, theft, and
confiscation since the 1820s. By the
1840s, many Americans demanded that
the U.S. collect these debts by force..
• .
• Mexico owed U.S. citizens about $3 million
to make up for the lives and property lost
in Mexico through revolution, theft, and
confiscation since the 1820s. By the
1840s, many Americans demanded that
the U.S. collect these debts by force.
• THE FIRST YEAR OF WAR (1846)
•
By 1846, the Americans and Mexicans
had been fighting for a year when
Congress finally declared a state of war.
• The U.S. had two aims in the Mexican –
American War: to occupy the territory that
Mexico had been asked to sell and to
invade Mexico in order to force them to
agree to peace. President Polk went into
the war clearly wanting to seize all of
Mexico north of the Rio Grande and Gila
Rivers and westward to the Pacific.
• However, before the U.S. issued a
declaration of war, General Taylor’s force
engaged the Mexicans in two battles north
of the Rio Grande: at Palo Alto and
Resaca de la Palma.
• THREE-PRONGED THRUST INTO
MEXICO
•
After discussions between General
Winfield Scott and President Polk, the
strategy of a three-pronged thrust
emerged. Taylor was to continue westward
through Matamoros to the strategic city of
Monterrey
• Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan was to
lead a second thrust down the middle of
Mexico through Chihuahua to Parras.
• . A third prong under Brigadier General
Stephen W. Kearny was to proceed
through Santa Fe on to San Diego,
California.
• Even with all of the victories by the U.S.
armed forces, Mexico refused to negotiate
and the war continued into 1847.
• THE FINAL YEAR OF WAR (1847)
THE BATTLE OF THE SACRAMENTO
• In one of the first major battles of the year,
Doniphan’s army in the middle thrust won
the furious Battle of the Sacramento just
outside Chihuahua on 27 February, and
marched into Chihuahua on 2 March.
» THE BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA
»
To end this war, President Polk and
his military advisors decided to land an
army at Veracruz and strike a blow at
Mexico City. However, Santa Anna —
who was 200 miles to the south at San
Luis Potosi — learned of the American
plans and immediately led a 20,000-man
army against Taylor at Buena Vista.
»
On 21 February, Taylor was
surprised to find Santa Anna facing him
with an army that outnumbered the
Americans three to one. The hardest
battle of this war began.
• When it appeared that the Americans
would be driven from the battlefield, down
from the north came Colonel Jefferson
Davis leading the Mississippi Rifles and
the troops from Indiana, supported by two
artillery batteries.

The Mexican attack was stopped cold
as the Mexicans were forced back into
their original positions.

The Battle of Buena Vista was the final
major action in northern Mexico; it was
significant because it ended any further
Mexican threat to the Rio Grande valley.
• DID YOU KNOW?
General Taylor
became a hero because of his victories
and was elected the 12th President of the
United States in 1848.
• CONCLUSION
• A U.S. victory was certain after U.S. forces
captured Veracruz (March 1847), defeated
General Santa Anna (April), and entered
Mexico’s capital city (September).
•
The Mexican–American War also served as
a training ground for many of America’s greatest
military leaders on both sides of the next U.S.
war — the Civil War. Some of these leaders from
the Mexican – American War who went on to
distinguish themselves in the Civil War were:
Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Joseph E.
Johnston, George G. Meade, P.G.T.
Beaureguard, William T. Sherman, Braxton
Bragg, and Jefferson Davis.
• THE CIVIL WAR
• THE CAUSES OF WAR
• Beginning in colonial times, the North and
South developed different lifestyles. If you
traveled through the North you would see
small farms harvesting grain or hay or
raising livestock.
• If you traveled through the South, you
would see many cotton fields. In the North,
there were growing cities with busy
factories.
• Then, on 2 February 1848, Mexico gave
up claim to Texas at the signing of the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
• Many of the differences between the North
and South were due to the lack of
roadways that would allow easy travel
from one area to another. Without an
effective means of transportation and
communication, the two areas easily
established different lifestyles.
• In the area of states’ rights, many
Southerners claimed that the North was
trying to assert national power over the
rights of the individual states. The
southern states believed that the nonslave-holding states had no right to dictate
laws that put restrictions on the slaveholding states.
• While many Northerners believed in states’
rights, they also believed in preserving the
Union and punishing the South for its
“rebellion against the nation.”
• Unfortunately, the North and South could
not agree on many issues, especially
slavery. Although there were other
economic and social differences between
them, the most important disagreements
were over slavery and the South’s desire
for a strong local government versus the
North’s desire for a powerful Union.
• When the United States elected Lincoln,
the South responded to their new
president by seceding from the Union. By
1861, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana, Arkansas, Virginia,
and Texas joined South Carolina and
formed a new nation.
• They drew up the Constitution for the
Confederate States of America and
elected Senator Jefferson Davis as their
president. On 12 April 1861, the Civil War
began.
• THE FIRST MAJOR BATTLE
•
The Battle of Bull Run on 21 July 1861
was an exercise in confusion as two illtrained and ill-disciplined armies locked in
fierce combat. Delays by McDowell
allowed Confederate reinforcements to
arrive and to strengthen their lines.
• At first, it seemed that the Federal forces
had the upper hand, but after the arrival of
Confederate reinforcements combined
with the confusion created by Confederate
troops in blue uniforms marching into the
Union lines, the fate of this battle was still
undecided.
• A Confederate brigade under General
Thomas Jackson held firm against a
savage Union charge just as the
Confederate reinforcements arrived.
Observing Jackson’s men, another
Confederate officer yelled, “There’s
Jackson, standing like a stone wall. Rally
behind the Virginians.” Jackson earned his
famous “Stonewall” nickname from this
encounter. The Union charge stalled.
• THE WAR AT SEA
•
The North set the pace for the war at
sea from the very beginning when
President Lincoln established the naval
blockade. Within a year, the Union armed
and sent almost anything that could float
to stations off southern ports. Although a
number
• IMPACT OF THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION
•
On 22 September 1862, after President
Lincoln had been persuaded that the Battle of
Antietam was a Union victory, he issued a
preliminary emancipation proclamation. He
stated that if the Confederate states did not
return to the Union by 1 January 1863, he would
declare all Confederate slaves “forever free.”
When the Confederacy refused his offer, he
issued the Emancipation Proclamation on New
Year’s Day, 1863.
• LINCOLN FINALLY FINDS A GENERAL
•
In March 1864, President Lincoln
promoted Grant to lieutenant general and
named him the General in Chief of the
Union forces.
• FINAL VICTORY AND SURRENDER
•
With the support of the people behind him,
President Lincoln urged General Grant to
continue with the plans to destroy the
Confederate forces. Grant ordered Sherman to
proceed up through the Carolinas to link up with
Meade’s Army of the Potomac on the James
River. With Sherman advancing from the south
and Schofield from the east, that would cut Lee
off from the other Confederate forces. Then, all
Union forces would surround Richmond to
administer the death blow to Lee’s army.
• Realizing how desperate his situation was, Lee
advised President Davis to evacuate Richmond,
then he moved his army from Petersburg
heading west. Lee hoped to maneuver around
Grant’s forces and to link up with Johnston. One
week later, with rations completely gone and his
line of retreat cut off by Sheridan at Appomattox,
Lee reasoned that to continue the fight was
hopeless. There, at Appomattox Court House,
on 9 April 1865, Lee surrendered his army to
Grant.
• RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
The U.S. abolished slavery with the ratification of
the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in
1865.
•
The Civil War brought about the
introduction of the following developments that changed the nature and
conduct of war:
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Railroads
Steamships and armored ships
Torpedoes (mines) and submarines
Rifled artillery and small arms
Telegraph communications
Balloons for aerial observation
Large-scale industrial production effort
• THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
•
In 1898, the United States was again at
war, this time against Spain in what is
known as the Spanish - American War.
Although this war lasted only 16 weeks, it
is an important part of America’s history.
• America went to war on the side of Cuba
to help that country gain its freedom from
Spain.
• In addition to the naval war, U.S. ground
forces in Cuba, including the famed Rough
Riders, also fought and won in battles
such as El Canay and San Juan Hill. The
war proved that the United States had one
of the most powerful military forces in the
world.
• According to the terms of the peace treaty,
signed in December 1898, Spain gave
Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico to
the United States and agreed to give up its
claim to Cuba. Cuba became a free nation
in 1902.
• THE AMERICAN CULTURE
•
The Civil War affected the culture of the
United States in many ways. Its influence
is evident in music, literature, and personal
achievements.
• MUSIC
•
Americans produced many songs
during the 1800s as a direct result of the
Civil War. These songs, arranged in
chronological order, outline the events of
the war. One of the more moving songs to
come out of this period was “The Battle
Hymn of the Republic,” written by Julia
Ward Howe.
• Another famous song to come out of the
Civil War period was “Dixie.” Written by the
Northerner Daniel Emmett, the song soon
became a symbol for the South. Slaves
used the word “Dixie” when they referred
to the South.
• LITERATURE
•
Literature is often an expression of
history.
•
In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe
published Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The book
expressed Stowe’s opposition to slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a fictional account of
a southern plantation. Southerners
claimed the novel exaggerated the
harshness of slavery. But, it became one
of the most popular historical novels ever
written, and a very successful stage play
as well.
• PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS
•
Clara Barton was an extremely
dedicated humanitarian. Called the Angel
of the Battlefield during the Civil War, she
set up a medical supply service, was a
camp and battlefield nurse, and led
searches for the missing. After working for
the International Red Cross, she
organized the American Red Cross
•
After the Civil War, former slave
George Washington Carver began 47
years of agricultural research at
Tuskeegee Institute. He discovered
hundreds of uses for the peanut, sweet
potato, and soybean, and devised many
products from cotton waste.
• 1800s came from Daniel Hale Williams, a
black surgeon. In 1891, Williams founded
Provident Hospital in Chicago, the
country’s first interracial hospital, where in
1893, he performed the nation’s first openheart surgery.
• CONCLUSION
•
In just over 100 years, Americans
established a nation that was united and
dedicated to ensuring equality for all. The 1800s
were a time for the United States to grow. After
emerging from the Civil War as one united
nation, the American culture opened the door for
many minorities by allowing them to develop and
express their ideas and talents.