Transcript File

CHAPTER 2
The New Republic
DO NOW
 How do we elect presidents? What do
you think is the role of the President?
What does they do?
 In 1789 Congress created the
Department of State, the
Department of the Treasury, the
Department of War, and the Office
of the Attorney General.
Washington then chose his cabinet—
the individuals who would head these
departments and advise him.
 Washington's Presidency Video
 The judicial branches as
well as the first federal judges
were established with the
Judiciary Act of 1789. John
Jay became the first chief
justice of the United States.
THE WHISKEY REBELLION
 In 1791 Hamilton's proposed high
tax on the manufacture of American
whiskey passed in Congress. Western
farmers were outraged by the 25
percent tax, and in 1794 the Whiskey
Rebellion began. Washington sent in
13,000 troops to stop the rebellion.
POLITICAL PARTIES –
THE FEDERALISTS
 The Federalists, led by
Hamilton, wanted a strong
national government in the
hands of the wealthy.
 They believed in
manufacturing and trade as the
basis of wealth and power.
 Artisans, merchants,
manufacturers, and bankers
supported the Federalist Party.
REPUBLICANS
 Madison and Jefferson led the
Republicans
 The group supported agriculture
over trade and commerce.
 They favored the rights of states
against the power of the federal
government.
 The rural South and West tended to
support Republicans.
THE ELECTION OF 1800
 The election of 1800 was
closely contested and revealed a
flaw in the system for selecting a
president. Each state chooses
electors that are sent to the
Electoral College to vote for the
president. In the election of 1800,
two candidates, Thomas Jefferson
and Aaron Burr, each had the
same number of electoral votes.
According to the Constitution, the
House of Representatives votes
for president when there is a tie.
However, there was also a tie in
the House of Representatives.
Finally, Jefferson became president
by one vote.
 The election of 1800 was
closely contested and revealed a
flaw in the system for selecting a
president.
 Electoral College
 Video Clip (6 min.)
 Thomas Jefferson wanted
to limit the scope of
government. He began
paying off the federal debt,
cut government spending,
and did away with the
whiskey tax. He also trimmed
the armed forces.
MARBURY V. MADISON
In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court
asserted its right of judicial review, or the
power to decide whether laws passed by
Congress were constitutional and strike down
laws that were not.
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
On April 30, 1803, the
United States purchased
Louisiana from France
for $11.25 million, and
took on French debts of
about $3.75 million.
The Louisiana
Purchase doubled the
size of the United
States.
WAR OF 1812
When Madison took office in
1809, he faced growing
tensions with Great Britain.
The British were seizing
American ships and kidnapping
American sailors.
Economic sanctions were
beginning to work, but too
late—Congress had declared
war, and the War of 1812
began.
John Green Video (12 min)
The British marched into
Washington D.C. and burned
the White House and Capital,
but faced strong opposition
in Baltimore.
The Treaty of Ghent,
signed on December 24,
1814, generated patriotism
and national unity.
GROWING NATIONALISM
Congress prepared an ambitious economic
program. Their program included creating a new
national bank, protecting American manufacturers
from foreign competition, and improving
transportation in order to link the country
together.
DO NOW
 What’s nationalism? What are some
examples of nationalism?
Between 1816 and 1824, Chief
Justice of the United States, John
Marshall, ruled in several cases that
established the power of the federal
government over the states. Video Clip
Gibbons v. Ogden
Marshall's decisions expanded federal power with
the help of the "necessary and proper" clause and
the interstate commerce clause.
Nationalism in the United States
influenced the nation to expand its borders
and assert itself in world affairs.
In the early 1800s, Spanish Florida
angered many Southerners
runaway slaves
Seminoles clashed with American settlers
across the border in Georgia.
In 1818 General Andrew Jackson seized
Spanish settlements in Florida.
In the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819,
Spain ceded all of Florida to the United
States.
MONROE DOCTRINE
Many of Spain's colonies on the American
mainland were declaring independence.
Some European monarchies proposed helping
Spain regain control of its overseas colonies.
In response, President Monroe issued the
Monroe Doctrine.
This policy declared that the United States
would prevent other countries from interfering in
Latin American political affairs. Video Clip
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
 In the early 1800s, a transportation
revolution and the Industrial
Revolution helped the North become
a major manufacturing center.
 Steamboats made river travel more
reliable and upstream travel possible.
 Railroads appeared in the 1800s.
Trains helped settle the West and
expand trade among regions.
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
Industrialization began in the Northeast. Eli
Whitney popularized the use of interchangeable parts
which led to factory-based production.
Samuel F. B. Morse perfected the telegraph and
developed Morse code, which sped communication.
Industrialization and the search for higher-paying
jobs drew thousands from rural areas into the cities.
Immigrants by the millions poured into the
United States between 1815 and 1860. Video Clip
Some Americans organized against the
newcomers. These nativists had a preference for
native-born people and wanted to limit immigration.
UNIONIZATION
Factory workers, which included women and
children, were poorly paid and worked under
horrid conditions.
Some workers began to organize into labor
unions, or groups of workers who press for
better working conditions and member benefits.
SOUTHERN LIFE
In the South, cotton was king and accounted
for nearly two-thirds of U.S. exports. However,
the South accounted for only about 16 percent of
U.S. manufacturing.
The slave trade was outlawed in 1808, but a
high birthrate among enslaved women kept the
population growing.
By 1850 enslaved Africans comprised 37
percent of the total Southern population.
 All enslaved persons suffered
indignities ranging from a complete
lack of citizenship and political rights
to extreme violence and murder.
 Free African Americans lived in
both the North and the South. They
were not embraced in either region
but, in the North, they could
organize their own churches and
associations and earn money from
jobs.
THE RESURGENCE OF
SECTIONALISM
 In 1819 Missouri applied
for statehood as a slave state.
 This set off the divisive
issue as to whether slavery
should expand westward. The
Union had 11 free states and
11 slave states.
 Admitting any new state,
either slave or free, would
upset the balance of political
power in the Senate.
THE MISSOURI
COMPROMISE
The Missouri Compromise called for
admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri
as a slave state.
An amendment was added to the
compromise that prohibited slavery in the
Louisiana Territory north of Missouri's
southern border.
VOTING RIGHTS EXPAND
In the early 1800s, many states eliminated
property ownership as a qualification for
voting. As a result, hundreds of thousands
of white males gained the right to vote.
THE ELECTION OF 1828
 The presidential candidates
were John Quincy Adams and
Andrew Jackson.
 They resorted to
mudslinging, criticizing each
other's personalities and morals.
 Jackson won the election of
1828.
President Jackson believed in the participation of
the average citizen in government.
He supported the spoils system, the practice of
appointing people to government jobs on the basis
of party loyalty and support.
Compromises
leading up to
the Civil War
Missouri
Compromise
Compromise
of 1850
Annexation of
Texas
Nullification
Crisis
Describe the issues: What did the North
want? What did the South want?
Outcome: What were the
details of the compromise?
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/ne
h/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1/
 Expository Writing On a separate sheet of paper, write a
report to Congress, analyzing the contrast between the
industrialization and urban growth of the North and the
agricultural economy of the South. Include how the revolution
in transportation affected both regions. Predict which side
would have the advantage if a war were to occur between the
North and the South, and explain your reasons for this
prediction.
 Begin…”Dear Congress, I am writing to you about the dire
situation that exists between the North and the South. Their
distinct differences have led to increased sectionalism. I fear a
civil war is imminent.“
In the early 1800s, South Carolina's economy was
weakening, and many people blamed the nation's
tariffs.
When Congress levied a new tariff in 1828—
called the "Tariff of Abominations" by critics—
South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw,
from the Union.
NULLIFICATION
John C. Calhoun, the nation's vice president, was
torn between supporting the nation's policies and
supporting fellow South Carolinians.
Instead of supporting secession, he proposed the
idea of nullification. This idea argued that because
states had created the federal union, they had the
right to declare a federal law null, or not valid.
 Slavery remained a divisive issue. However, Jackson
largely ignored the issue, focusing instead on Native
Americans.
 President Jackson supported the idea of moving all
Native Americans out of the way of white settlers.
 In 1830 he signed the Indian Removal Act, which
helped the states relocate Native Americans to uninhabited
regions west of the Mississippi River.
THE CHEROKEE FOUGHT
BACK
In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), and
Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Chief Justice
Marshall supported the Cherokees' right to
control their land.
President Jackson refused to support the
decision.
TRAIL OF TEARS
In 1838 Jackson's successor, Martin Van
Buren, sent in an army to force the
remaining Cherokee out of Georgia.
Thousands of Cherokee died on the journey
that became known as the Trail of Tears.
Video Clip
MANIFEST DESTINY
Fertile soil, the fur trade, and trade with foreign
nations lured emigrants west.
Many Americans believed in Manifest Destiny—
the idea that the nation was meant to spread to the
Pacific.
Emigrants were attracted to Oregon and
California, except Great Britain claimed Oregon
and Mexico claimed California.
The Mexican government had encouraged
American settlement in Texas, which was part of
Mexico by offering large land grants. However,
Mexico closed its borders in 1830 due to the failure
of Americans to accept the conditions of
settlement.
TEXAS
Americans defeated Mexican forces at the Battle
of San Jacinto in 1836. Five months later, the
citizens of Texas voted in favor of annexation—
absorption—by the United States as a slave state.
Because of antislavery opposition and Mexico's
claims on Texas, President Jackson made no move
toward annexation.
In 1846 the United States negotiated with Great
Britain to gain the lands that would become
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.

Texas's entry into the Union and the attempt by Polk to buy
California led to Mexico breaking diplomatic relations with the
U.S.

Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to provoke war with the
Mexicans in 1846. On May 9, Mexicans reportedly attacked
Taylor's men and Congress voted overwhelmingly for war.
Video Clip

Do Now –What are the most important
parts of an essay?
CALIFORNIA
In northern California, General John C.
Fremont had begun an uprising. On July 14, 1846
they declared California independent and renamed
the region the Bear Flag Republic.
Polk sent forces to capture Mexico City, which
was taken in September 1847. Mexico signed the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2,
1848.

Mexico gave the U.S.
territory that would become
California, Nevada, Utah,
most of Arizona and New
Mexico, and parts of Colorado
and Wyoming. Mexico
accepted the Rio Grande as
the southern border of Texas.
In return, the U.S. paid a total
of $18.25 million.
WILMOT PROVISO
 Manifest Destiny had been realized, but question of whether the
new lands should allow slavery would soon lead the country into
another bloody conflict.
 Wilmot Proviso proposed that in any territory the United States
gained from Mexico, "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall
ever exist." Southern Democrats in the Senate refused to vote on it.
 Senator Cass of Michigan proposed the idea of popular
sovereignty, meaning that the citizens of each new territory should
decide for themselves whether or not they wanted to permit slavery.
GOLD!
In 1848 gold was discovered
in California. By the end of
1849, over 80,000 "FortyNiners" had arrived in
California. To keep order,
Californians sought statehood.
If California became a state, the
free states would outnumber the
slave states 16 to 15. Video Clip
COMPROMISE OF 1850
Allow California to become a free state if the rest
of the Mexican cession could organize without
restrictions on slavery.
Also, Congress would be prohibited from
interfering with the domestic slave trade and would
pass a stronger law to help Southerners recover
enslaved African Americans.
It passed. Video Clip
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
Northerners were particularly opposed to
the Fugitive Slave Act, which made it easy
for anyone to accuse any African American
of being a runaway slave and sent South.
The act require federal marshals to assist
slave catchers. This requirements drove
abolitionists into open and active defiance.
The Underground Railroad,
an informal but well-organized
network of abolitionists, helped
many enslaved people escape to
Northern cities or Canada.
Harriet Tubman, herself a
runaway, was the most famous
"conductor."
BLEEDING KANSAS
Nebraska wanted popular sovereignty, but it was
north of the 36’30 line which was closed to slavery.
The solution was to split the area into two
territories: Nebraska and Kansas.
By March of 1855 Thousands of “border
ruffians” crossed over to vote illegally and won a
fraudulent majority for the proslavery candidates.
Fighting and looting ensued. Video Clip
DRED SCOTT V.
SANDFORD
In 1856, Scott was a
slave and he was taken
to a free state. He said
that since he was taken
to a free state then he
was free. The Supreme
Court said NO!
1860 ELECTION
 In the election of 1860,
Abraham Lincoln was the
Republican candidate. His platform
was: no new slavery in territories, but
he would not get rid of slavery
where it existed. He won the
election without the popular vote
and no electoral votes from the
South.Video Clip
 The South saw his election as
a victory for the abolitionists.
South Carolina was the first state
to secede. By February 1861, six
more southern states voted to
secede. video clip
Seceding states met and on February 8, 1861,
declared themselves to be the Confederate States of
America, or the Confederacy.
The Confederate Constitution was similar to the
U.S. Constitution except it stated that each state was
independent and it guaranteed the existence of
slavery in the Confederacy. It also banned protective
tariffs and limited the term of the presidency.
Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was chosen
president of the Confederacy.
North
Compare
and
Contrast
Wartime
Economy
Military
Strategy
Advantages
Disadvantag
es
Leaders
(Presidents
and
Generals)
Major
Victories
Major
Defeats
South
DO NOW
 How do you feel about the draft? Who should / should not be
drafted?
In July 1863, a violent
four-day uprising
occurred in New York
City due to the Civil War
draft.
 It began with a march
of about 4,000 men,
mostly Irish laborers
protesting the law that
exempted some wealthy
people from being
drafted into the Union
army.
In his inaugural speech, Lincoln told seceding
states that he would not interfere with slavery where
it existed, but he said, "the Union of these States is
perpetual." He also said that the Union would hold
on to the federal property in the seceding states.
DO NOW

Do you think the North had a right to do
anything about slavery since it was so important
to the economy of the South? Why or why not?
SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES
 Highly motivated soldiers
 First rate generals
 cotton
NORTHERN ADVANTAGES
 The North's industries gave it an economic advantage over the
South.
•
•
•
•
More men
More food
More factories
Railroad system
BULL RUN
 25 miles from Washington D.C.
 First bloodshed
 General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson led the confederacy.
 The confederates won and many soldiers returned home thinking
the North would back off.
UNION ARMIES IN THE WEST
After Bull Run, Lincoln
stepped up enlistments.
The Union forces went
west to fight for the
Mississippi River.
THE WAR FOR THE
CAPITALS
 McClellan (Union) led his troops to Richmond. General Lee drove
him out.
 Lee went after Washington. McClellan discovers Lee’s plan and
ordered his men to go after Lee. The battle is know as Antietam. This
clash was the bloodiest single-day battle in American History.
In September of 1862, Abraham Lincoln,
encouraged by the Union victory at Antietam,
announced that he would issue the Emancipation
Proclamation. This decree would free all enslaved
persons in states still in rebellion after January 1,
1863.
The Emancipation Proclamation changed the
Civil War from a conflict over preserving the Union
to a war to free the slaves.
As a result of the collapse of the South's
transportation system and the presence of Union
troops in many agricultural regions, the South
suffered severe food shortages by the winter of
1862. The food shortages hurt Southern morale and
led to riots. Rapid inflation drove up prices.
The North had an economic
boom because of the war. The
large, well-established banking
industry made raising money for
the war easier.
The increased use of
mechanical reapers and mowers
made farming possible with
fewer workers.
Women entered the
workforce to fill labor shortages.
African Americans were officially allowed
to enlist in the Union army and navy, as a
result of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Thousands of African Americans joined the
military.
Besides managing family farms and
businesses, women contributed to the Civil
War by serving as nurses and doctors to the
wounded at the battlefield.
THE BATTLE OF
GETTYSBURG
 On July 3, Lee ordered 15,000 men under the command of
General George E. Pickett and General A. P. Hill to attack the
Union troops. This became known as Pickett's Charge. In
less than half an hour of fighting, the Union forces used
cannons and guns to inflict 7,000 casualties on the
Confederate force.
 The Union forces had 23,000 casualties at Gettysburg. The
Confederates had 28,000 casualties—more than one-third of
Lee's army.
 President Lincoln came to Gettysburg in November 1863,
to dedicate part of the battlefield as a military cemetery.
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address became one of the bestknown speeches in American history.
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/7
B7B19CC-C6C3-4179-8284-4CED73B9EE33
On November 15, 1864, Union General Sherman
began his March to the Sea. His troops cut a path of
destruction through Georgia in which they
ransacked homes, burned crops, and killed cattle.
They reached the coast and seized Savannah on
December 21, 1864.
The Union troops pillaged, or looted, almost
everything in their path. They burned at least 12
cities, including South Carolina's capital—Columbia.
Lincoln considered his reelection a
mandate, a clear sign from the voters, to
end slavery by amending the Constitution.
The Thirteenth Amendment to the
Constitution, banning slavery in the United
States passed on January 31, 1865.
General Robert E. Lee surrendered to
General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse
on April 9, 1865.
The terms of surrender guaranteed that
the United States would not prosecute
Confederate soldiers for treason.
RECONSTRUCTION
The president and Congress had to
deal with Reconstruction, or
rebuilding the South after the Civil
War. They also had to decide under
what terms and conditions the former
Confederate states would rejoin the
Union.
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/se
EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL
WAR


The Civil War saved the Union and
strengthened the power of the federal
government over the states.
It changed American society by ending the
enslavement of African Americans. The
South's society and economy were devastated.
President Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction called for a general amnesty, or
pardon, to all Southerners who took an oath of
loyalty to the United States and accepted the
Union's proclamations concerning slavery.
After ten percent of the state's voters in the 1860
presidential election had taken the oath, the state
could organize a new state government.
The Radical Republicans in Congress,
did not want to reconcile with the South.
They wanted the Republican Party to
become powerful in the South. They wanted
the federal government to help African
Americans achieve political equality by
guaranteeing them the right to vote in the
South.
Thousands of freed African Americans, known as
freedmen, had followed General Sherman and his
troops as they marched through Georgia and South
Carolina.
As a result of the refugee crisis, Congress
established the Freedmen's Bureau. This bureau
was to feed and clothe war refugees in the South
using army surplus supplies. The bureau also tried to
help freedmen find work and negotiate pay and
hours worked on plantations.
 On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed
Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater.
 Vice President Andrew Johnson became president.
Johnson agreed with Lincoln that a moderate policy was
needed to bring the South back to the Union.
 In May 1865, Andrew Johnson issued a new Proclamation
of Amnesty. This plan offered to pardon all former citizens of
the Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and
to return their property.
Johnson granted pardons to thousands of
Southerners. Many members of Congress
were angry that several former Confederate
officers and political leaders were elected to
Congress. Radical and moderate Republicans
voted to reject these new members of
Congress.
The new Southern state legislatures passed
laws, known as black codes, that severely
limited African Americans' rights in the
South. The codes varied from state to state,
but in general, they were written with the
intention of keeping African Americans in
conditions similar to slavery.
The Fourteenth Amendment granted
citizenship to all persons born or naturalized
in the United States. No state could deny any
person "equal protection of the laws.”
MILITARY
RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF
1867
 This act did away with Johnson's Reconstruction programs.
The act divided the former Confederate states (except
Tennessee because it had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment)
into five military districts. A Union general was placed in
charge of each district. Each former Confederate state had to
hold another constitutional convention to write a constitution
that Congress would accept. The constitution had to give the
right to vote to all adult male citizens. After the state ratified its
new constitution, it had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.
Then the state could elect people to Congress.
The Republicans feared that Johnson would veto
their Reconstruction plan and interfere with their
plans by refusing to enforce the Military
Reconstruction Act. Congress passed the Command
of the Army Act that required all orders from the
president to go through the headquarters of the
general of the army.
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act that
required the Senate to approve the removal of any
government official whose appointment had
required the Senate's approval.
On February 21, 1868, Johnson challenged the
Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War
Edwin M. Stanton. Stanton supported the
Congressional Reconstruction plan.
After Johnson fired Stanton, the House of
Representatives voted to impeach Johnson. They
charged Johnson with breaking the law by refusing
to uphold the Tenure of Office Act and with trying
to undermine the Reconstruction program. After
more than two months of debate, the Senate vote
was one vote short for conviction.



Johnson did not run for election in 1868. General
Ulysses S. Grant was the Republican candidate.
The presence of Union soldiers in the South helped
African Americans vote in large numbers.
Grant easily won the election. Republicans kept
majorities in both houses of Congress.

The Republican-led Congress proposed the Fifteenth
Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment said that the
right to vote could not be denied on account of race, color, or
previous servitude. The amendment became part of the
Constitution in 1870.
 By 1870 all former Confederate states had rejoined the
Union.
 During Reconstruction, many Northerners moved to the
South. Many were elected or appointed to positions in the
state governments. Southerners referred to these Northerners
as carpetbaggers because some brought suitcases made of
carpet fabric. Many Southerners viewed the Northerners as
intruders who wanted to gain from the South's postwar
troubles.
 Southerners also disliked scalawags—white Southerners
who worked with the Republicans and supported
Reconstruction.
 Thousands of formerly enslaved people took part in
governing the South. They were delegates to state conventions,
local officials, and state and federal legislators.
 Many formerly enslaved African Americans attended
schools in the South during Reconstruction. By 1876 about 40
percent of all African American children attended school in
the region.
 The Republican Party became powerful in the South and
started many major reforms. The reforms included repealing
the black codes, establishing state hospitals, and rebuilding
roads and railways damaged during the Civil War.
 Some Southerners organized secret societies such as the Ku
Klux Klan to undermine the Republican rule.
 Klan members terrorized supporters of the Republican
governments, including African Americans, white Republicans,
carpetbaggers, teachers in African American schools, and
others who supported the Republican governments and
equality for African Americans.
 In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed three Enforcement Acts
to end the violence in the South, one of which made the
activities of the Ku Klux Klan illegal.
 After Reconstruction ended, African Americans returned to
plantations owned by whites, where they worked for wages or
became tenant farmers, paying rent for the land they farmed.
 Most tenant farmers ended up becoming sharecroppers.
They paid a share of their crops to cover their rent and
farming costs.
 Although sharecropping allowed African American farmers
to control their own work schedule and working conditions, it
also trapped them in poverty because they could not make
enough money to pay off their debts and buy their own land.