Transcript Post Civil War Years

Post Civil War Years
Unit 6
The student will identify legal, political, and social
dimension of Reconstruction.
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a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical
Republican Reconstruction.
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b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves
and provide advanced education (e.g., Morehouse College) and describe the
role of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
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c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.
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d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to
racial equality during Reconstruction.
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e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to
Reconstruction
The student will describe the growth of big business and
technological innovations after Reconstruction
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a. Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as
steel, and on the organization of big business.
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b. Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the
West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese
labor.
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c. Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and
the rise of trusts and monopolies
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d. Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric
light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact
on American life
The student will analyze important consequences
of American industrial growth
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a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to
southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on
urban America.
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b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.
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c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on
Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.
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d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial
unrest.
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln introduced a plan for rebuilding
rather than punishing the South.
 Andrew Johnson became president; he
was a southerner and former slave owner,
so he was sympathetic to the South.
 He followed his own plan for
reconstruction similar to Lincoln’s plan
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SSUSH 10a
Presidential Reconstruction
Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union
were pardoned. (Forgiven of any crimes against
the U.S.)
 Former Confederate States could hold
constitutional conventions to set up state
governments.
 States had to void secession and ratify the
Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery
 Once the 13th Amendment was ratified, states
could hold elections and be a part of the Union
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SSUSH 10a
Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson enacted his plan while Congress
was out of session.
 Southern States enacted Black Codes
 Black Codes were laws that limited the
rights of freed blacks so much that they
basically kept them as slaves.
 Congress came into session unhappy!
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SSUSH 10a
Radical Reconstruction
Congress did not believe Johnson’s
approach did not to enough because it did
not offer Blacks full citizenship
 Congress felt they should be in control of
Reconstruction
 Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of
1867; commonly known as Radical
Reconstruction
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SSUSH 10a
Radical Reconstruction
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The southern states were put under military
rule.
States had to hold new constitutional
conventions
Southerners who supported the confederacy
were not allowed to vote (temporarily)
Had to guarantee the right to vote to African
Americans
Had to ratify the 14th Amendment, which made
African Americans citizens
SSUSH 10a
Civil War Amendments
13th Amendment – abolished slavery in the
United States
 14th Amendment – defined a citizen;
guaranteed that no person would be
deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process
 15th Amendment – no citizen can be
denied the right to vote based on race,
color, or previous condition of servitude
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SSUSH 10c
Johnson’s Impeachment
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act
– to prohibit President from firing
government officials
 Johnson fired the Secretary of War
because he disagreed with him over
reconstruction.
 Congress accused Johnson of violating the
law and voted to impeach him
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SSUSH 10e
Johnson’s Impeachment
The Senate failed to convict Johnson by
one vote
 This would have set a dangerous
precedent for Congress to impeach a
president over political differences.
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SSUSH 10e
Farming and the Freedman’s Bureau
Former slaves turned to sharecropping in order
to survive.
 Sharecropping – a family farmed a portion of a
white landowners property in return for housing
and a share of the crop.
 Sharecroppers who worked for an honest
landowner advanced to tenant farming.
 Tenant Farming- farmer paid rent to farm the
land and kept the profits from his crop.
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SSUSH 10b
Farming and the Freedman’s Bureau
Both the tenant farmers and
sharecroppers were at the mercy of the
landowner.
 Both systems were designed to keep
African Americans working white-owned
land.
 In an effort to help the freed slaves,
Congress created the Freedman’s Bureau
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SSUSH 10b
Freedman’s Bureau
The first federal relief agency in U.S.
history.
 Provided clothes, medical attention, food,
education, and in some cases land.
 It ended in 1869, but it did help many
slaves transition to freedom throughout
the south.
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SSUSH 10b
Education and the Church
The desire for freedom and the need for
community support led to the rise of
African American Churches.
 Churches became the center of African
American social and political life.
 African American ministers came to be
seen not only as spiritual shepherds but as
political/ social leaders as well
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SSUSH 10b
Morehouse College
1867, group formed a school to train
African American men to be ministers and
teachers.
 Eventually became the Atlanta Baptist
Seminary and later Atlanta Baptist College
 1913 the name was changed to
Morehouse College; one of the most
prestigious colleges in the nation
 Known as the “Black Harvard”
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SSUSH 10b
White Resistance
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Under Radical Reconstruction, black codes lost
much of their power.
Whites resisted giving blacks equal rights and
some resorted to violence
Ku Klux Klan was the most notorious group.
Klan practiced lynchings and other acts of
violence
Some of their goals have changed but the Klan
still exists today
SSUSH 10d
White Resistance
Southerners grew bitter towards the Union and
those who profited from Reconstruction
 Carpetbaggers were seen as people taking
advantage of southern suffering to make money.
 They carried bags made of carpet like material –
thus the name.
 Scalawags were southerners who supported
reconstruction – this group was targeted for
persecution by groups like the KKK
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SSUSH 10d
The End of Reconstruction
Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the
election of Rutherford B. Hayes.
 African American lost the small gains they
had made during reconstruction.
 Southern States passed “Jim Crow” laws
that enforced segregation
 Many states by passed the 15th
amendment by using literacy tests and
poll taxes as a condition to vote
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SSUSH 10d
The End of Reconstruction
To allow poor, uneducated whites to vote, states
instituted “grandfather clauses”
 These clauses exempted citizens from literacy
tests and poll taxes if their ancestors had voted
in previous elections or had served in the
Confederate army or navy
 This eliminated African Americans in politics and
maintained a ‘solid south’ for the Democrats for
more than a century
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SSUSH 10d
Industrial Growth
Post Civil War
Railroads and the West
Railroads played a major role in the
industrial growth and expansion after the
Civil War.
 Railroads made life out west possible by
allowing farmers and ranchers access to
eastern markets and resources.
 Railroads also made it easier for people
too move west and populate territories.
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SSUSH 11b
Transcontinental Railroad
Congress coordinated an effort to build a
transcontinental railroad.
 The Union Pacific (an eastern company) and the
Central Pacific (a western company) joined their
tracks in Utah in 1869 with a gold spike.
 The completion of the transcontinental railroad
would not have been possible without thousands
of Irish and Chinese immigrants.
 Immigrants were often victims of racism and
abuse because of their Asian features, cultural
differences, and distinct dress.
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Railroads and Big Business
Railroads also contributed to the rise of
the steel industry and big business.
 1850s, Henry Bessemer developed a new
method for making steel known as the
Bessemer process.
 Manufacturers could make steel much
cheaper than before, so steel became
more affordable.
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Railroads and Big Business
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Steel becomes an integral part of the nation’s
economy
Buildings could not be built taller – skyscrapers
Railroads became a practical and economical
way to ship sizeable products over land.
Resources and finished goods could be shipped
to locations anywhere there was railroads.
Shipping goods and resources in a timely
manner became a major component of big
business. (TIME ZONES)
Giants of Big Business
Some people became rich in developing the
railroad industry. Because some did so in a
crooked manner, they became known as the
“robber barons”
 Robber barons came to be indentified with
wealthy entrepreneurs in other industries.
 1869, Cornelius Vanderbilt extended his New
York Central railroad to reach Chicago; people
were able to travel non-stop
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Giants of Big Business
Andrew Carnegie founded U.S. Steel and
sold it to J.P. Morgan for $500 million.
 This made Carnegie the richest man in the
world at the time.
 Carnegie becomes well known for his
charitable work and philanthropic
endeavors.
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Giants of Big Business
This most important name associated with
big business is John D. Rockefeller.
 He founded Standard Oil Company, which
was the nations’ first trust
 Trust unite different companies into one
system.
 Trust exists to destroy competition and
create monopolies (a market in which
there is only one supplier of a product)
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John D. Rockefeller
He was able to dictate prices, eliminate
competition and control the U.S. oil
industry.
 He used vertical integration: a business
strategy in which one corporation owns
not only the company that produces the
finished product, but also the companies
that provide the materials needed for
production.
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Thomas Edison
19th Century saw many inventions
introduced to American.
 Thomas Edison was the most impactful
inventor of the time.
 1877, he invented the phonograph, later
the motion picture camera.
 His most important was the electric light
bulb.
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SSUSH 11d
Thomas Edison
Before Electric light bulbs, people were limited to
working only daylight hours or by dim candle/oil
lamp light
 People could do more work after dark in
factories, offices, and homes.
 He also came up with the idea of central power
companies to provide electrical power to
customers
 His company, founded in 1882, Con-Edison still
supplies electricity to New York City
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Western Growth
Reasons for Moving West
In the years leading up to and following
the Civil War, settlers moved west, causing
a population boom.
 Some went west for religious reasons to
spread the news of Jesus Christ to the
Indians.
 The Mormons moved west to escape
Religious persecution and founded Utah
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Reasons for Moving West
Gold Rush of 1849 led to early statehood
for California
 Available land also drew people west
 Congress opened up more land for
settlement in 1889
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Oklahoma Land Rush
50,000 people gathered at the Oklahoma
border waiting for a gun shot to announce the
opening.
 Featured people on horseback, bicycles, in
wagons, and on foot all surging forward to stake
their claim
 Some jumped the gun to get ahead and get
there “sooner”
 Hence Oklahoma is nicknamed the Sooner state.
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Farming, Ranching, and Mining
Settlers in the west had to adapt to terrain
different from the East.
 Lacking wood, settlers had to build and
live in sod houses; sod was very strong
and durable.
 Many technological advances made
western farming possible;
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Technological Advances
John Deere designed the first steel plow that
enabled farmers to plant crops in the prairie sod.
 Wind Mills allowed settlers to pump water from
100 feet deep wells.
 Barbed wire allowed ranchers to fence in their
land for cattle cheaply.
 Railroads created a way for farmers to import
needed equipment and export their products to
other parts of the nation.
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Cattle Ranching
Texas settlers learned ranching techniques from
the Mexicans who lived there; herding and
driving cattle to market.
 Texans also copied their dress and culturecowboy hats and chaps
 Rise of cattle ranching contributed to the
slaughter of the buffalo that competed for
grazing areas.
 “Cowtowns” popped up along the rail lines for
shipping cattle back east; Cowboys became
legendary
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Mining Industry
Mining became important as discoveries of
gold like those in California meant people
could attempt to make a fortune.
 Mining camps and towns had a reputation
of being wild and full of vice (gambling,
drinking, prostitution)
 Big corporations moved in and the number
of independent miners declined over time.
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Impact on
Native Americans
Buffalo and Reservations
As more settlers moved west, Native
Americans continued to feel the impact.
 They used the buffalo for food, clothing,
and shelter.
 Settlers and trappers killed great numbers
of buffalo, and by 1889 only 1,000 were
left on the Continent.
 Plains Indians could no longer continue
their way of life.
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Buffalo and Reservations
Many Native Americans were forced to relocate
to reservations.
 Reservations are parcels of land set aside by the
federal government for Native Americans.
 They would be forcibly removed every time gold
was discovered or whites wanted the land.
 They became resentful and wars broke out
which killed large numbers of Native Americans.
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Violent Confrontations
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1861, Cheyenne warriors angry that the US
had forced them off their land launched
several raids on camps and local towns.
US forces surprised 500 Cheyenne at Sand
Creek killing 270 Indians, mostly women and
children.
Many were outraged and under the
leadership of Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, the
Sioux rose up
Battle of Little Bighorn
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In 1876, General George Custer attempted to
surprise and defeat the Sioux at the Battle of
Little Bighorn.
Custer underestimated the size of the enemy’s
forces.
The Sioux quickly surrounded the U.S. troops,
killing Custer and more than 200 of his men.
This became known as “Custer’s Last Stand”
By 1877, both the Sioux and Cheyenne had
surrendered and were relocated to reservations.
Wounded Knee
The last notable armed conflict between
U.S. Troops and Native Americans
occurred in 1890 at Wounded Knee, S.D..
 The Sioux had developed a ritual called
the Ghost Dance that they believed would
bring back the buffalo, return the Natives
to their land, and banish the white man
from the earth.
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Wounded Knee
U.S. forces believed that Sitting Bull was
using the Ghost Dance to incite an
uprising, so they sent in the army to arrest
him.
 A gunfight broke out killing 14 including
Sitting Bull
 They eventually killed 150 unarmed Native
American men, women, and children.
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Urban Growth
and
Immigration
Urban Growth
From the end of the Civil war to the turn
of the 20th century, the size of U.S. cities
increased rapidly.
 When cities increase in size it is called
urban growth.
 Western cities grew from nothing as
railroads took hold.
 Eastern cities grew as a result of
industrialization and the jobs it created.
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Immigration
The late 19th century also saw a dramatic
increase in immigration to the U.S.
 In the east, most new arrivals came from
Europe, while on the west coast, many
came from China.
 Industrialization in the east and building
railroads in the west caused the influx of
many immigrants.
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Ellis Island
To handle the large number of immigrants
coming to American, the government opened
Ellis Island.
 A tiny island near the Statue of Liberty in New
York Harbor.
 All the nationalities that came created the
American “melting pot”
 Most kept their traditional ways and society
experienced a cultural pluralism – (presence of
many different cultures within one society)
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Problems with Immigration
Immigration provide much needed labor
for the nation’s factories.
 Many US citizens felt that they took away
jobs from Americans.
 They tended to live in their own
neighborhoods or ethnic ghettos where
they kept their culture and language.
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Problems with Immigration
Religious differences were also a source of
tension – most Americans were protestant while
immigrants were Catholic
 Before the Civil war, immigrants came from
Western Europe – people with similar
characteristics – White and protestant
 After the Civil War- immigrants came from
Eastern and southern Europe – places like
Poland, Italy and Russia
 There were huge ethnic differences which lead
to an increase in Nativism
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Nativism
As feelings of Nativism (opposing
immigration) grew, anti-immigrant groups
began to form.
 The Government passed anti-immigrant
legislation restricting immigration
 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited
Chinese immigrants from legally coming to
the U.S and was not repealed until 1943.
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Living and Working Conditions
Industrialization produced many problems
in the cities.
 The entire family; men, women, and
children tended to work in the factories 12
hours per day to make ends meet.
 Child labor was common, children as
young as five,
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Living and Working Conditions
Working Conditions were often difficult;
the work was monotonous, long hours for
low pay and often dangerous.
 Sweatshops were makeshift factories set
up by private contractors to help main
factory meet production goals.
 Sweatshops were poorly lit, poorly
ventilated, and unsafe
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Living and Working Conditions
Living conditions were often hard as well.
 Urban slums (poor, inner-city
neighborhoods) consisting of tenements.
 Tenements were overcrowded apartments
that housed several families of immigrants
 Overcrowded, these slums often had open
sewers that attracted rats and other
disease-spreading pests
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The Rise of Labor Unions
Samuel Gompers and the AFL
Out of the challenging working and living
conditions that faced industrial workers
arose labor unions.
 Unions are organizations formed to protect
the interests of its members.
 The most influential of the era was the
American Federation of Labor (AFL) led by
Samuel Gompers
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American Federation of Labor
The AFL used the economic pressures of
strikes (refusal of employees to work until
employers meet certain demands) and
boycotts (refusal to buy or pay for certain
products of services)
 The AFL also believed in collective
bargaining.
 Collective bargaining is a process through
which employees negotiate as a group.
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American Federation of Labor
To increase their ability to negotiate with
business owners, the AFL pressed for
closed shop workplaces in which
employers could only hire union members.
 Closed shops forced employers to deal
with the union because they could not
look elsewhere for workers.
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Strikes and Confrontations
Employers hated the unions and often
took measures against them.
 They threatened to fire employees who
joined unions or forced them to sign
contracts agreeing not to join such
groups.
 Courts would issue injunctions declaring
strikes illegal; even the president would
send in troops to stop a strike.
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Pullman Strike
The most drastic strike of the era was the
Pullman strike in 1894.
 The Pullman car company had laid off
workers and the union protested to
George Pullman the owner. He responded
by firing the union representatives.
 The union went of strike in protest, so
Pullman closed the plant instead of
negotiating.
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Pullman Strike
Led by Eugene Debs, the American Railway
Union called for a boycott of Pullman Cars
nationwide.
 120,000 workers rallied to the strike, because
the strike affected the deliver of the U.S. mail,
the federal government issued an injunction and
the President sent in troops to make sure it was
enforced.
 Within days, the strike was over and set a
precedent of Employers using the court to stop
strikes.
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