Transcript US History I Final Exam Review

US History I Final Exam Review
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“Bleeding
Kansas”
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Compromise legislation that called for concessions by both the North and the
of 1850
South and included a strict new fugitive slave law
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CSA
Confederate States of America- group of seven southern states
that seceded from the Union
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Dred Scott
Missouri slave who sued to obtain his freedom
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Fort Sumter
place where Confederate troops opened fire on Union troops
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Free Soil
Party
won 10 percent of the vote in the election of 1848
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Fugitive
Slave Act
law governing runaway slaves
began when Border Ruffians raided the anti-slavery town of
Lawrence, Kansas.
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Harriet
Beecher
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Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin that spread anti-slavery sentiment in the North.
Harriet
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Tubman
Maryland-born slave known as “Moses”
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Jefferson Davis
chosen as President of the Confederate States of America
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John Brown
New York abolitionist who used violence to accomplish his goals
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John Brown
attacked the arsenal at Harpers Ferry in the hope of starting a revolution and
ending slavery
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KansasNebraska
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Act
bill passed by Congress in 1854 that led to violence
Know0
Nothings
became the American Party
popular
sovereignt
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y
policy allowing voters to decide whether to permit or outlaw slavery
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Republican
Party
party formed in 1854 that opposed slavery
Roger B. Taney Supreme Court Chief Justice who wrote the Dred Scott decision
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Stephen
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Douglas
He believed each territory should decide the issue of slavery
for itself.
1 blockade
preventing merchant vessels with trade goods from entering
or leaving ports
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Robert E.
Lee
military leader from Virginia who left the Union army to
command the southern army
Anaconda
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Plan
a Union military plan for defeating the South by dividing the
Confederacy in two
1 border states
4 states that bordered Southern states, allowed slavery but did
not join the Confederacy
Stonewall
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Jackson
Confederate military hero who refused to yield to the Union
army at Bull Run
George B.
McClella second leader of the Union army
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n
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Ulysses S.
Grant
successful Union general who eventually became the leader
of the Union army
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Shiloh
tragic battle in Tennessee that shocked both North and South
by the horrors of the war
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Militia Act
54th Mass.
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Reg't.
mandated that black soldiers be accepted into the military
all black regiment from Massachussetts known for its bravery
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income tax
tax based on individual’s earnings to help pay for the war
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bond
a certificate bought from the government that promises to pay back
the purchase amount plus interest
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the bloodiest battle in a single day of the Civil War
Emancipation
Proclamat freed all enslaved people living in the states of the rebellion
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ion
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Antietam
Homestead
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Act
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made western land available at low cost to those who would farm the
land
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conscription
drafting men to fight in a war
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Copperhead
northern Democrats who opposed the war
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habeas corpus
prevents a person from being held in jail without being charged of a
specific crime
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inflation
when prices of common items soar
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Clara Barton
gained approval for nursing Civil War soldiers as part of the official military
effort and later founded the American Red Cross
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siege
a military tactic in which an army surrounds, bombards, and cuts off all
supplies to an enemy position to make the enemy surrender
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Vicksburg
southern city on the Mississippi River essential for the Union to control
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Gettysburg
site in Pennsylvania of three-day bloody battle between the Confederacy and
the Union
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George Pickett
leader of the South’s bloody assault on the Union-held Cemetery Ridge at
Gettysburg
Gettysburg
Address
speech given by Lincoln to honor the many dead in the battle of Gettysburg
and an enduring statement of U.S. values and goals
total war
Grant’s policy of fighting which involved striking civilian as well as military
targets
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William
Tecumseh
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Sherman
Union general, practiced total war as he marched through and conquered
Georgia
Thirteenth
Amendme
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nt
amends the Constitution to outlaw slavery in the United States
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John Wilkes
Booth
assassinated President Lincoln
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1 Mathew
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Land Grant
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College Act
gave money from sale of public lands to states to establish universities that taught
agriculture and mechanical arts
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Radical
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Republican
a member of Congress who believed Confederates’ slavery and secession were criminal
and should be punished
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Fourteenth
Amendment
2 Reconstruction
photographer who documented the horrors of war with his pictures of Civil War battles
guarantees equality under the law for all citizens
program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair
damage to the South caused by the Civil War and restore the southern states to the
Union
Civil Rights Act
of 1866
passed to overturn black codes; vetoed by President Johnson
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Wade-Davis Bill
1864 congressional proposal to allow Confederate states to rejoin the Union by
demanding a guarantee of black equality; vetoed by Lincoln
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Fifteenth
Amendment
forbids any state to deny the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
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Brady
2 impeach
an action Congress takes by charging the President with wrongdoing and putting him on
trial to see whether he should be removed from office
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Freedmen’s
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Bureau
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Andrew
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Johnson
Lincoln’s Vice President; became President after Lincoln’s assassination
1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen’s
right to vote
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segregation
separation of the races
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sharecropping
a system in which a landowner determined the crop and provided a worker
with a place to live, seeds, tools, and a share of the harvest
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2 scalawag
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law passed in southern states restricting the freedoms of African Americans
Enforcement
Acts
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black code
organization that provided food, clothing, healthcare, and education for black
and white refugees in the South
tenant farming
2 share-tenancy
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integration
a negative term for a southern white man who was invited to join the
Republican Party after the war
a system in which a tenant paid cash rent to the landowner and was free to
choose and manage his own crop
similar to sharecropping, but the worker decided the crop and bought his own
supplies
combination of the races
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carpetbagger
a negative term for a northern white or black man who relocated to the South
after the war
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Ku Klux Klan
secret organization founded during Reconstruction whose aim was to
terrorize African Americans
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Rutherford B.
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Hayes
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Compromise of
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1877
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southern, white Democrat who returned to power after 1870
resolved the contested presidential election of 1876 by giving Hayes the
presidency in return for withdrawing the remaining federal troops from
the South
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entrepreneur
people who invest money in a product or enterprise in order to make a profit
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protective tariff
taxes that would make imported goods cost more than those made locally
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laissez faire
a policy which allowed businesses to operate under minimal government
regulation
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patent
a grant by the federal government giving an inventor the exclusive right to
develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time
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Redeemer
became President through the contested election of 1876
3 Thomas Edison
an inventor and creative genius who received more than 1,000 patents for
new inventions
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Bessemer
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process
suspension
bridge
bridges in which the roadway is suspended by steel cables
time zone
twenty-four zones around the world, one for each hour of the day
mass
production
systems that depended on machinery to turn out large numbers of products
quickly and inexpensively
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corporation
a form of group ownership in which a number of people share the ownership
of a business
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monopoly
complete control of a product or service
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cartel
an arrangement in which businesses making the same product agree to limit
production to keep prices high
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a process for purifying iron resulting in strong, but lightweight, steel
John D.
Rockefelle
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r
an oil tycoon who made deals with railroads to increase his profits
horizontal
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integration
a system of consolidating many firms in the same business to lower
production costs
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trust
a situation in which companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, who
combine them into a new organization
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the practice of gaining control of many different businesses that make up all
phases of a product’s development
Social
Darwinism
an application of Charles Darwin’s work which held that wealth was a
measure of one’s inherent value and those who had it were the most “fit”
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3 ICC
the Interstate Commerce Commission, a government body set up to oversee
railroad operations
Sherman
Antitrust
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Act
a bill passed in 1890 which outlawed any trust that operated “in restraint of
trade or commerce among the several states”
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sweatshop
small, hot, dark, and dirty workhouses
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company town
communities near workplaces where housing was owned by the business and
rented out to employees
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collective
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bargaining
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a steel tycoon who used vertical integration to increase his power
vertical
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integration
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Andrew
Carnegie
socialism
Knights of
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Labor
negotiating as a group for higher wages or better working conditions
an economic and political philosophy that favors public, instead of private,
control of property and income
a labor union that included workers of any trade, skilled or unskilled
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the leader of the Knights of Labor beginning in 1881 who encouraged
boycotts and negotiations with employers
Samuel
Gompers
a poor English immigrant who formed the AFL, a skilled workers union, in
1886
AFL
American Federation of Labor, a loose organization of skilled workers from
many unions devoted to specific crafts or trades
Haymarket
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Riot
a labor protest in Chicago in 1886 that ended in dozens of deaths when
someone threw a bomb
Homestead
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Strike
an 1892 Pennsylvania steelworkers’ strike that resulted in violence between
company police and strikers
Eugene V.
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Debs
leader of the American Railway Union who eventually became a Socialist
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Pullman Strike
a nationwide strike in 1894 of rail workers that halted railroads and mail
delivery
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Ellis Island
island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions
of immigrants arriving to the United States
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Terence V.
Powderly
Chinese
Exclusion
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Act
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Americanizatio
n
1882 law that prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers
belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them
more loyal citizens
“new”
immigrant
Southern and Eastern European immigrant who arrived in the United States
in a great wave between 1880 and 1921
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“melting pot”
society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one
culture
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Angel Island
immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1911
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steerage
third-class accommodations on a steamship, which were usually
overcrowded and dirty
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nativism
belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers
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suburb
residential area surrounding a city
Frederick Law
Olmsted
a landscape engineer who designed Central Park in New York City, and parks
in other major U.S. cities
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4 urbanization
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expansion of cities accompanied by an increase in the number of people
living in them
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mass transit
public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people
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skyscraper
very tall building built with modern materials like steel
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4 tenement
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multistory building divided into apartments to squeeze in as many families as
possible
developer of a safety elevator that made skyscrapers more practical
type of show, including dancing, singing, and comedy sketches, that became
popular in the late 19th century
a satirical novelist who wrote about American life in the late 1800s
a competitor of Pulitzer’s who also published sensationalistic newspapers
Horatio Alger
a novelist who wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work
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Mark Twain
a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city
William
Randolph
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Hearst
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Elisha Otis
4 vaudeville
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rural-to-urban
migrant
conspicuous
consumeris
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purchasing of goods and services to impress others
4 mass culture
similar consumption patterns as a result of the spread of transportation,
communication, and advertising
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Joseph Pulitzer
an immigrant who became a publisher of sensationalistic newspapers
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4 Gilded Age
term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era which
was characterized by a façade of prosperity
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5 cash crop
crop such as cotton and tobacco that is grown not for its own use but to be
sold for cash
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Civil Rights
Act of
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1875
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law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation
assimilate
to adopt the culture and civilization of the dominant group in a society
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Sitting Bull
Sioux chief respected as a fighter and spiritual leader
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Chief Joseph
leader of the Nez Percés who surrendered after trying to lead a group of
Indian refugees to Canada
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reservation
specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians’ use
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network of farmers’ organizations that worked for political and economic
reforms in the late 1800s
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Farmers’
Alliance
Battle of the
Little Big
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Horn
Dawes General
Allotment
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1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated U.S. troops led by Colonel George
Custer
1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots
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Sand Creek
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Massacre
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Wounded Knee
1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end
of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance War
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Homestead Act
1862 law in which the government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone
willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road
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transcontinenta
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l railroad
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vigilante
open-range
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system
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rail link between the eastern and western United States
self-appointed law enforcer
system in which ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing cattle to
roam and graze freely
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land grant
land given by the federal government for building railroads
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Exodusters
African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil
War
Las Gorras
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Blancas
a group of Mexican Americans who protested their loss of land by targeting
the property of large ranch owners
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1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne
and Arapaho Indians
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Jim Crow laws
laws that kept blacks and whites segregated
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Booker T.
Washingto
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n
famous black leader who encouraged African Americans to build up their
economic resources through hard work
6 Ida B. Wells
an African American teacher who bought a newspaper and crusaded against
the practice of lynching
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literacy test
a test, given at the polls to see if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise
black citizens
grandfather
clause
a law which allowed a person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior to
1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens
poll tax
a tax which voters were required to pay to vote
W.E.B. Du
Bois
a black leader who argued that blacks should demand full and immediate
equality
civil service
a system that includes federal jobs in the executive branch
Pendleton Civil a law passed in 1883 that established a Civil Service Commission, which
Service Act
wrote a civil service exam
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gold standard
using gold as the basis of the nation’s currency
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spoils system
a system in which politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party
workers with little regard for their qualifications
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6 Populist Party
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a political party formed on a platform of silver coinage, government
ownership of railroads, and fighting the corrupt elite
William
McKinley
the Republican candidate for president in 1896
Oliver H.
Kelley
a Minnesota farmer and businessman who organized the Grange
William
Jennings
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Bryan
the Democratic nominee for president in 1896
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Grange
an organization of farmers to learn about new farming methods and called for
regulation railroad and grain elevator rates
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Jane Addams
leader in the settlement house movement
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muckrakers
socially conscious journalists and writers who dramatized the need for
reform
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Progressivism
movement that believed honest and efficient government could bring about
social justice
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initiative
gave citizens the power to propose laws
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recall
gave voters the power to remove legislators before their term is up
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7 Jacob Riis
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settlement
7
house
1
7
1
Lincoln
Steffens
7 direct primary
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belief that following Christian principles could bring about social justice
community center that provided services for the urban poor
muckraking author of Shame of the Cities, exposed corruption in urban
government
allowed voters to select candidates rather than having them selected by party
leaders
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referendum
allowed citizens to reject or accept laws passed by their legislature
7
Alice Paul
social activist, led women to picket at the White House
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Ida B. Wells
helped to found the National Association of Colored Women
temperance
movement
campaign to end the production, sale, and use of alcohol
1
1
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7
1
Social Gospel
muckraking photographer and author of How The Other Half Lives, exposed
the condition of the urban poor
Florence
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Kelley
founded the National Consumer’s League known as the NCL
1
National
Consumer’s
7
League
(NCL)
1
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Nineteenth
Amendment
labeled and publicized “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working
conditions”
1919, granted women the right to vote
1
7 Margaret
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7 NAWSA
National American Woman Suffrage Association
1
7 suffrage
the right to vote
1
7
Sanger
Carrie Chapman
Catt
opened the first birth control clinic
president of the NAWSA, campaigned to pass women’s suffrage at both the state and
national levels
1
7 NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, viewed full
as the only solution to racial discrimination
1
7 mutualistas
Mexican American groups that provided loans, legal assistance, and disability insurance
for members
1
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Booker T.
Washington
1
7 Urban
1
Anti-Defamation
7
League
League
legal rights
favored a gradualist approach for blacks to earn rights through economic progress and
employment in the skilled trades
organization to assist working class African Americans with relief, jobs, clothing, and
schools
organization to defend Jews and others from false statements, and verbal or physical
attacks
1
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1
7
1
7
1
7
W.E.B. Du
Bois
demanded immediate and full rights for blacks as guaranteed by the
Constitution
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1
7
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literature,
California naturalist who advocated for the creation of Yosemite National
Park
Progressive
Party
Roosevelt’s party in the 1912 election
Roosevelt’s program to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking
advantage of small business owners and the poor
Pure Food and
Drug Act
gave the federal government responsibility for insuring food and medicine
are safe
Theodore
Roosevelt
energetic Progressive who became the youngest president in 1901
New
Nationalis
7
m
1
opposed Washington’s approach; favored education in history,
and philosophy, not just in the trades
John Muir
7 Square Deal
1
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effort to replace immigrant customs with white, Protestant, middle-class
practices and values
Niagara
7
Movement
1
1
Americanizatio
n
Hepburn Act
Roosevelt’s 1912 plan to restore the government’s trust-busting power
gave the Interstate Commerce Committee power to limit railroad company
prices
1
1
Meat
Inspection
7
Act
gave federal agents power to inspect and monitor the meatpacking industry
National
Reclamatio
7
n Act
gave the federal government power to decide where and how water would be
distributed in arid western states
1
7
1
1
Federal Trade
Commissio
7
n
group appointed by the President to monitor business practices that might
lead to a monopoly
Sixteenth
Amendme
7
nt
gave Congress the power to impose an income tax
1
7
1
1
1
Gifford Pinchot forestry official who proposed managing the forests for later public use
Woodrow
Wilson
Progressive Democrat elected President in 1912
Federal
Reserve
7
Act
placed the national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board
Clayton
Antitrust
7
Act
strengthened anti-trust laws by spelling out specific practices in which
businesses could not engage
• Wilmot proviso-outlaw slavery in land taken from Mexico
• Secede – to break away from Union
• Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from Illinois,
opposed Kansas – Nebraska Act