Transcript Industrialization - Breathitt County Schools

Bell Ringer – 9/13
Of the following inventions
which do you consider the
most important and why:
typewriter, phonograph,
telegraph, telephone.
A Technological
Revolution
Changes in Daily Life
1865
• Electric light did
not exist
• Ice was expensive
and rare
• Mail traveled by
stagecoach or
horseback
1900
• Typewriter, sewing
machine, &
phonograph made
life easier
• Standard of living
highest in the
world
The Transcontinental
Railroad
chh
Construction began in 1862 & ended on May 10,
1869 where the Central Pacific & the Union Pacific
Railroads met in Promontory Point and the
ceremonial golden spike was hammered into the
last rail.
The Union Pacific Railroad
• Started building in 1865 at Omaha,
Nebraska
• Workers included Civil War veterans, new
Irish immigrants, miners, farmers, cooks,
adventurers, & ex-convicts
The Central Pacific Railroad
• The Big Four – grocer Leland Stanford, shop owner
Charley Crocker, & hardware store owners Mark
Hopkins and Collis P. Huntington
• Construction started in Sacramento, CA and cost
$36 million
Leland Stanford
Charley Crocker
Gov. of CA, US Senator,
Founded Stanford Univ.
Mark Hopkins
Collis P. Huntington
Railroad Problems
& Solutions
• Trains were dirty, but
began to improve
– Steel rails
– Standardized track
– Improved air brakes
– Telegraphs used
– Clocks set to the same time
The Land Grant System
• Land grants – to encourage
railroad construction
• Land was sold to raise money
• Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 &
1864
• Awarded over 120 million acres of
land, covered building costs
Improvements in Communication
Samuel F. B. Morse
**perfected the telegraph
& its code
**after the CW several
companies formed the
Western Union Telegraph
Company.
Alexander Graham Bell
**patented the
telephone, ** 1885 he
and a group of
partners formed
AT &T
Electric Power
George Westinghouse
**1885 developed alternating
current
**1890s, General Electric &
Westinghouse Electricity were
formed using ideas of Edison &
Westinghouse.
The “Wizard of Menlo Park”,
Thomas Edison invented
many items such as the
phonograph. Although none
had such an impact as the light
bulb, and by 1882 he had built
a central power station.
The Bessemer Process
End Day 1
William Kelly of Kentucky developed a
process of smelting iron that was
quicker and cheaper and made possible
the mass production of steel.
Railroad Regulation
• Munn v. Illinois (1877) & Wabash case –
S.C. did not allow state to regulate RRs
• Interstate Commerce Act – RR rates
should be set in proportion to the
distance traveled
The Growth of Big Business
Captains of Industry
or
Robber Barons
• Increased supply of
goods
• Created jobs
• philanthropists
• Drained natural
resources
• Encouraged gov’t.
corruption
• Drove competitors out
of business
• Paid workers little
• Dangerous factories
Andrew Carnegie
• Vertical
consolidation
• Carnegie Steel
Company (Est.
1889)
• Philanthropist –
“Gospel of Wealth”
• Social Darwinism
• Economies of scale
Monopoly v. Cartel
• Monopoly → complete control of
a product or service
• Trusts – trustees owned
controlling stock in other
companies
• Holding companies – does not
own any companies, just stock in
others
Standard Oil Company
• Horizontal
consolidation
• J. D. Rockefeller
• Standard Oil Trust
(1882)
• Sherman AntiTrust Act
Vertical Consolidation
purchase of all levels of production
Horizontal Consolidation
purchase of competing companies
in the same industry
EFFECTS on
AMERICA?
• Overproduction
–Cut prices
–Laid off workers
–Panic of 1893
Industrialization & Workers
•
•
Immigrants – Contract Labor Act (1864)
Working families
– Young children worked
– No insurance, employment or otherwise
– Social Darwinism, relief would encourage idleness
•
Factory work
– Most worked 12 hrs., 6 days/week
– piecework→work hard, more $
– Large workload hard on workers, no extra $, unhealthy/safe
•
A strict work environment
– Workers fined/fired for being late
– Factories unsafe
– Division of labor
• Took joy out of work
•
Working women & children
– Women – no chance to advance
– Children – 5% of work force, wage meant not going hungry