Transcript Chicago Style: (History)

Online models and guides to the major forms of
research papers:
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/
Three Parts to the Research Paper Writing Process:
1. Formulating and then supporting a worthy thesis
by organizing evidence
2. Avoiding plagiarism by using either in-text citations
or footnotes/endnotes
3. Integrating material taken from other sources with
your own knowledge and opinions
Evaluating Online Sources:
How do you know if the site is reliable, objective, reputable?
Authorship: Look for evidence of the author’s expertise on the homepage.
Be suspicious of angry or unprofessional language
Sponsorship: The sponsor of the site is usually named in the homepage.
Be aware of the domain: .com (commercial); .org (nonprifit); edu (educational
institution); .gov (government); .mil (military); .net (network)
Purpose and Audience: Why was the site created? To argue? To sell?
To inform?
Who is the site’s intended audience? Is this a serious, credible, reputable
audience?
Currency: Is the site up-to-date? Are the links current? Are there a lot of broken
links?
Avoiding Plagiarism
Three Kinds of Plagiarism:
1. Non-cited quotations
2. Non-cited summaries and paraphrases
3. Non-cited statistics
The University
College of the
Humanities
College of History
College of Science,
Social Sciences, and
Mathematics
The University
College of the
Humanities
(MLA Style)
College of Science,
Social Sciences, and
Mathematics
(APA Style)
College of History (Chicago Style)
The University
MLA Style: (Humanities)
In-text citations
Author, page
APA Style(Sci, Soc,
Math)
In-text citations
Author, date
Chicago Style: (History)
Footnotes or endnotes page
Full publication information for first citing
of a source; then, author/page or Ibid.
MLA’s In-Text Citations
1. Introduce the source via a signal phrase
that names its author.
2. After the quotation, summary, or paraphrase,
write the page or pages that the information came
from, like this:
“blah, blah, blah“(page-s).
blah, blah, blah (page-s).
3. At the end of the paper, give a list of works cited.
arranged the list of works cited alphabetically by authors’
last name. Include complete publication information for
source. End each entry with a period.
MLA In-Text Citations (where
author is mentioned in a signal
phrase)
According to Donald Redelmeier and Robert Tibshrani, the
use of cellular telephones in motor vehicles is associated
with a quadrupling of the risk of a collision during the
brief period of a call (435).
MLA In-Text Citations (where
author is NOT mentioned in
a signal phrase)
In 2000, the legislature of Suffolk County passed a law
restricting drivers’ use of handheld cell phones. “The
bill prohibits the use of a cell phone while driving
unless it is equipped with an earpiece or can act
like a speakerphone, leaving the driver’s hands
free” (Kelley 4).
MLA Works Cited Page:
Entries alphabetized by author’s last name
Redelmeier, Donald A., and Robert J. Tibshriani. “Association
between Cellular-Telephone Calls and Motor Vehicle Collisions.”
New England Journal of Medicine 336 (1997): 453-58.
Literary Quotations:
Don’t confuse the author
with the narrator or character.
Wrong:
In revealing the depth of Lady Macbeth’s guilt,
Shakespeare remarks that “All the perfumes of Arabia will
not sweeten her little hand” (5.1. 50-51).
Right:
In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth struggles with her guilt. She remarks:
“All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this
little hand” (5.1/50-51).
MLA Style for E Sources
Begin with 1) name of author and 2) title of site.
Then give 3) the names of any editors, 4) date of publication
last update, 5) sponsoring organization 6) date of access,
7) URL.
In the works cited listing,
Provide as many of the above elements as are available.
Separate each element with a period. End with a period.
For the in-text citation and signal phrase, do your best to refer
readers to the proper listing in the works cited page.
APA Style(Sci, Soc,
Math)
Everything about APA Style is the
In-text citations
Same as for MLA, except that the
DATE is given in the in-text citation, Author, date
rather than the page.
The University
Chicago Style: (History)
Footnotes or endnotes page
Full publication information for first citing
of a source; then, author/page or Ibid.
“Chicago Style” Documentation
• Used mostly for
history professors
• Sometimes called
“Turabian”
• Comes from The
Chicago Manual of
Style (University of
Chicago)
How does “Chicago” differ
from MLA and APA?
• Uses footnotes or endnotes rather than
in-text citations to indicate the source of
quoted or paraphrased information
Chicago Example
Governor John Andrew was not
allowed to recruit black soldiers from out of
state. “Ostensibly,” writes Peter Burchard,
“no recruiting was done outside
Massachusets, but it was an open secret
that Andrew’s agents were working far and
1
wide.”
1
1. Peter Burchard, One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave
Black Regiment1. (New York: St. Martin’s, 1965), 85.
Chicago Example
Governor John
Andrew was not allowed
to recruit black soldiers
from out of state.
“Ostensibly,” writes
Peter “Burchard, “no
recruiting was done
outside Massachusets,
but it was an open
secret that Andrew’s
agents were
working far
1
and wide.”
Notes
1. Peter Burchard, One
Gallant Rush: Robert Gould
Shaw and His Brave
Black Regiment (New York:
St. Martin’s, 1965), 85.
Original Source Looks Like This:
For many Southerners it was psychologically impossible
to see a black man bearing arms as anything
but an incipient slave uprising complete with arson,
murder, pillage, and rapine.
-Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable
Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army,
1861-1865, p. 158.
1
Plagiarism:
According to Civil War historian Dudley Taylor Cornish,
for many Southerners it was psychologically impossible
to see a black man bearing arms as anything
but an incipient slave uprising complete with arson,
murder, pillage, and rapine. 2
Not Plagiarism:
According
to Civil War historian Dudley Taylor
1
Cornish, “For many Southerners it was
psychologically impossible to see a black man
bearing arms as anything but an incipient slave
uprising complete
with arson, murder, pillage, and
2
rapine.”
Block Quotations
Governor John Andrew was not allowed to recruit black soldiers from out of
state:
Ostensibly, no recruiting was done outside
Massachusetts, but it was an open secret that
Andrew’s agents were working far and wide. 1
1
1. Peter Burchard, One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave
Black Regiment (New York: St. Martin’s, 1965), 85.
Summaries and Paraphrases
Original Source:
Half of the force holding Fort Pillow were
Negroes, former slaves now enrolled in the
Union Army. Toward them Forrest’s troops had
the fierce, bitter animosity of men who had been
educated to regard the colored race as inferior
and who for the first time had encountered that
race armed and fighting against white men. The
sight enraged and terrified many of the
Confederates and aroused in them the ugly spirit
of a lynch mob.
Summaries and Paraphrases
Borderline Plagiarism:
Albert Castel suggests that much of the brutality
at Fort Pillow can be traced to racial attitudes.
Fifty percent of the troops holding Fort Pillow
were Negroes, former slaves who had joined the
Union Army. Toward them Forrest’s soldiers
displayed the savage hatred of men who had
been taught the inferiority of blacks and who for
the first time had confronted them armed and
fighting against white men. The vision angered
and perhaps frightened the Confederates and
2
aroused in them the ugly spirit of a lynch mob.
Summary and Paraphrase
Acceptable Paraphrase:
Albert Castel suggests that much of the brutality
at Fort Pillow can be traced to racial attitudes.
Nearly half of the Union troops were blacks, men
whom the Confederates had been raised to
consider their inferiors. The shock and perhaps
fear of facing armed ex-slaves in battle for the
first time may well have unleashed the fury that
led to the massacre. 2
Chicago: Multiple References
to Same Source
• If you have two consecutive references to the
same source, you may just write Ibid., and the
page.
• If you have multiple references to the same
source (but not consecutive), you may write the
last name of the author, short form of the title,
and the page, like this:
4. Burchard, One Gallant Rush, 31.
Chicago Bibliography
A bibliography lists all of the works that you
cited, plus any sources that you consulted
but did not cite.
Use the term “Bibliography” rather than
“Works Cited.”
Bibliography
Camprich, John, and Robert C. Mainfort Jr.
“Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence
about an Old Controversy.” Civil War
History 28, no. 4 (1982): 293-306.
Castel, Albert. “The Fort Pillow Massacre: A
Fresh Examination of the Evidence.” Civil
War History 4, no 1 (1958): 37-50.
Chicago Manual of Style 14th and
15th Editions:
These most recent editions of The Chicago
Manual of Style do allow for in-text
citations; however, most professors who
require Chicago style prefer
footnotes/endnotes.
Note:
When using Chicago style, you may or may
not be asked to include a bibliography. The
Chicago Manual of Style suggests that if a
bibliography is provided, you should use
the shortened form of all notes, including
the first reference. However, you should
ask your professor if he or she prefers full
reference documentation even though a
bibliography is provided.
Integrating Sources (Chicago)
• When you integrate sources, you are
showing your reader where your own
thoughts begin and end, and where those
of authorities begin and end.
Integrating Sources
• Use present or present perfect tense in
phrases that introduce quotations:
Bloom points out that…
Bloom has pointed out that…
Signal Phrases (or not)
A signal phrase is a phrase that informs the
reader that a quotation, summary, or
paraphrase is coming up:
No Signal Phrase
Those testifying on the Union and
Confederate sides recalled events at Fort
Pillow quite differently. Unionists claimed
that their troops had abandoned their arms
and were in full retreat. “The
confederates, however, all agreed that the
Union troops retreated to the river with
arms in their hands.” 3
Signal Phrase
Those testifying on the Union and
Confederate sides recalled events at Fort
Pillow quite differently. Unionists claimed
that their troops had abandoned their arms
and were in full retreat. “The Confedertes,
however, “writes historian Albert Castel,
“all agreed that the Union troops retreated
3
to the river with arms in their hands.” 3
Vary Your Signal Phrases
• In the words of historian Rajesh Kumar,”…
• As Rajesh Kumar has argued, “…
• In a letter to his colleague, Rajesh Kumar
writes, “…
• “…” notes Rajesh Kumar, “…” 3
• Rajesh Kumar offers an intriguing
interpretation of these events: “…
• In a bold claim, Rajesh Kumar asserts
that, “…
Cite Statistics and Include
Signal Phrases
Shelby Foote notes that of the 295 white
troops garrisoned at Fort Pillow, 168 were
taken prisoner. Black troops fared much
worse, with only 58 of 262 men being
taken into custody. 3
Ellipsis
Ellipsis marks look like this: …
Use ellipsis to indicate that words have been
omitted.
Use ellipsis only when the words have been
omitted within a sentence.
The sentence must remain grammatically
complete despite its omissions.
Ellipsis
“We captured…about 40 Negro women and
7
children.”
Brackets
Brackets allow you to insert words of your own into
quoted material. Sometimes, you want to do this
to explain a confusing reference, or to keep a
sentence grammatically intact:
According to Albert Castel, “It can be reasonably
argued that he <Forrest> was justified in
believing that the approaching steamship-s 8
intended to aid the garrison <at Fort Pillow>.”
The examples in this presentation are taken from A Pocket Style Manual, Fourth
Edition by Diana Hacker published by Bedford/St. Martin’s 2004.