Transcript chapter 6 - TeacherWeb

A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE
1869-1900
The 2nd Industrial Revolution
THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY
After Civil War, advances in
technology began to
change the nation b/c of
these advances…
Large supply of natural resources
 Explosion of inventions
 Growing city population that wanted
the new products.

What were some of
these natural
resources?
OIL…. Very
important natural
resource
1840, Canadian geologist discovered
that kerosene could be used to light
lamps.
 Kerosene produced from oil
 Increased Americans’ demand for oil.

Edwin L. Drake
1859, Edwin L. Drake used a steam
engine to drill for oil.
 This helped start an oil boom.
 Drake never benefited
 He died a pauper.

GASOLINE
Also produced by oil.
 Thrown away at first. But when
the automobile became popular,
gasoline was in great demand.

COAL & IRON
1887, Large amounts of IRON
discovered in Minnesota
 Also, COAL production increased
from 33 mill. tons in 1870 to over
250 mill. tons in 1900.

BESSEMER PROCESS
Turns iron to STEEL.
 Removes carbon from iron.
 Steel lighter, more flexible &
doesn’t rust like iron.
 Process invented by Henry
Bessemer

USES OF
STEEL:
Railroads for tracks
 Improve farm tools like plow &
reaper
 Cans for preserving food.
 Bridges like Brooklyn Bridge
 Skyscrapers

Chef Hector Boiardi
at 16 arrived at Ellis Island in
1914
took his money and invested in steel mills,
which then helped produce goods needed for
Korean War
Patrons asked for samples and recipes of his
spaghetti sauce, which he would often
give to the customers in old milk bottles.
Catered the reception of President
Woodrow Wilson’s marriage
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania

Site of many Steel mills along
the rivers.
INVENTIONS
Here are some of the inventions of the
late 1800’s that changed how people
lived & worked…..
ELECTRICITY
1876, Thomas Alva Edison perfected
an early light bulb.
 He then worked to establish power
plants to generate electricity.

What about this?
“Old Sparky”
Edison v. Westinghouse
Edison = DC
 Westinghouse – AC
 Edison negative campaigns
against Westinghouse

Topsy Meets Quick and
Painless
Death at Coney Island.
Die Topsy Die
Invention of Electricity
changed America...
Ran machines like fans &
printing presses.
 Soon became available in
homes.
 Led to invention of appliances.
 Cities built electric streetcars
which made travel cheaper &
easier.

TYPEWRITER
Invented by Christopher Sholes in
1867.
 Led to dramatic changes in the
workplace.

TELEPHONE

Invented by Alexander Graham
Bell & Thomas Watson in 1876.
Phonographs,
Bicycles, & Cameras
How did the wave of
inventions during
the late 1800’s
change some
Americans’ lives?
More Women began to work
in offices……
By 1910, women made up about
40% of office work force
Work that had been done
at home- like sewing
clothes- was now done in
FACTORIES.
Unfortunately, many factory
employees worked long hours
in unhealthy conditions.
LEISURE TIME

Invention of machines allowed
employees to work faster…..this
led to a shorter work week.
THE AGE OF RAILROADS
TRANSCONTINENTAL
RAILROAD
1869, work completed on first
TRANSCONTINENTAL
RAILROAD.
 This railroad crossed the entire
continent.

Building & Running
Railroads:
Very difficult & dangerous work.
 Most work done by Chinese &
Irish immigrants & desperate
out-of-work Civil War Vets.

By 1888, over 2,000 workers had
died.
20,000 had been injured.
Accidents & diseases affected
thousands of railroad
builders each year.
TIME ZONES:
Railroad schedules hard to keep b/c
each community set its won times
 1870, earth divided into 24 time
zones.
 U.S. contained 4 time zones.
 Everyone living in a particular zone
would follow the same time.

World Time Zones
RAILROADS MADE TRAVEL
EASIER, INDUSTRY
GROWTH,AND COMMUNITIES
TO GROW & PROSPER…
Railroads led to creation
of new towns…
1880, George M. Pullman built
factory outside Chicago .
 There, workers made the
sleeping cars he invented for
trains.

Pullman built a large town to
house the workers he needed.
He created quality housing for his workers. But
he tried to control many aspects of their
lives…Eventually, the workers rebelled.
Railroad industry
offered people chance
to become rich.
Also attracted many corrupt
individuals.
 Credit-Mobilier scandal of
1868. (This was an illegal
manipulation of construction
contracts)

FARMERS VS.
RAILROADS
why?
Farmers claimed that railroads sold
government land grants to
businesses rather than to families.
 They also accuse railroad industry of
setting high shipping prices to keep
farmers in debt.

Many railroad companies failed
due to economic depression of
1893
Result: 7 companies owned most
of the nation’s railways.
BIG BUSINESS &
LABOR
ANDREW CARNEGIE
Scottish immigrant who became a
giant in the steel industry
 Carnegie’s birthplace below.

VERTICAL &
HORIZONTAL
INTEGRATION:
Through VERTICAL
INTEGRATION he bought
companies that supplied his raw
materials like iron and coal, &
railroads needed to transport
the steel.
 He used HORIZONTAL
INTEGRATION by buying out or
merging w/other steel
companies.

Carnegie’s success helped
popularize theory of …
What is Social Darwinism?
Theory, based on ideas of biologist Charles
Darwin.
Said that “natural selection” enabled the best
suited people to survive & succeed
Most entrepreneurs tried to
control competition by forming a
MONOPOLY
What is a monopoly?

A business where there is only 1
seller, but many buyers.
Why is this a bad thing?
There is no choice
 No choice means the seller sets
the price
 He can make the price anything
 The people have to pay if they
want it
 Smaller businesses die

JOHN D.
ROCKEFELLER

Used Standard Oil trust to
almost completely control the oil
industry.
SHERMAN ANTITRUST
ACT
1890
Made it illegal to form a TRUST.
 TRUST = MON0P0LY
 Still works today
 Wilson – Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

Workers respond by
forming LABOR UNIONS:
Many workers worked long
hours under dangerous
conditions for low wages.
 Women, children, & workers in
sweatshops worked under esp.
harsh conditions.

Several Labor Unions:
NATIONAL LABOR UNION (NLU)Persuaded Congress to legalize an 8
hour day for government workers.
 KNIGHTS OF LABOR – Failed after
series of strikes failed.

UNION MOVEMENTS
DIVERGE….
STRIKES TURN VIOLENT!!!
One major type of union
was CRAFT UNIONS..
Samuel Gompers- Formed the
American Federation of Labor
(AFL) in 1886.
 Gompers used strikes &
collective bargaining.

EUGENE DEBS formed an
industrial union…a union for
all workers.
American Railway Union (ARU)
 Debs & other workers turned to
socialism.

IWW or WOBBLIES

Union formed in 1905 by
radicals & socialists
STRIKES






Why do workers go on strike?
Workers go on strike for different
reasons:
to get improvements where they
work
for more money
for shorter working days
to stop their wages going down
because they think their company
has been unfair
Look for the Union Label
Look for the union label
when you are buying that coat, dress
or blouse.
Remember somewhere our union's
sewing,
our wages going to feed the kids, and
run the house.
We work hard, but who's complaining?
Thanks to the I.L.G. we're paying our
way!
So always look for the union label,
it says we're able to make it in the
U.S.A
Unions used strikes to
improve conditions
1877, workers for Baltimore & Ohio
railroad went on strike.
 Strike broken up when railroad
president persuaded President
Rutherford B. Hayes to bring in
federal troops to end strike.

HAYMARKET AFFAIR
1886, bomb exploded at
demonstration in Chicago’s
Haymarket Square in support of
striking workers
 Several killed
 Labor leaders charged w/inciting
a riot. 4 were hanged. 1
Committed suicide in jail.

HAYMARKET AFFAIR
HOMESTEAD,
PENNSYLVANIA

1892, steel workers & Pinkerton
guards fought a battle near
Pittsburgh. Deaths on both sides.
1894, Eugene Debs led strike
against the Pullman Company
Strike turned violent when fed.
Troops called out to break the
strike.
MARY HARRIS
(MOTHER) JONES
Organizer for the United Mine
Workers.
 Unions’ struggle for better
conditions hurt by government
intervening on side of
management.

Despite pressures of
government action,
unions continued to grow
Ooops almost forgot:
December
1903?
17,
Kitty Hawk, NC
COMING NEXT…..
IMMIGRANTS &
URBANIZATION