Transcript In-Class Notes - Whittier Union High School District

The Union in Peril
Slavery divides the nation.
North and South enter a
long and destructive civil
war that ends slavery.
African Americans briefly
enjoy full civil rights, but
new laws discriminate
against them.
Abraham Lincoln, 16th president
of the United States.
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The Union in Peril
SECTION 1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
SECTION 2
The Civil War Begins
SECTION 3
The North Takes Charge
SECTION 4
Reconstruction and Its Effects
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Section 1
The Divisive Politics
of Slavery
Disagreements over slavery heighten regional
tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.
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SECTION
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The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Differences Between North and South
Controversy over Slavery Worsens
• Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved
labor
• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery
• South tries to spread slavery in West
• North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to
stop its spread
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Slavery in the Territories
Statehood for California
• California applies for statehood as free state in
1849; angers South
The Compromise of 1850
• Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico
Territory
• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal
from Union
• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides
• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave
law enacted
• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue
in NM, Utah
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Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Fugitive Slave Act
• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and
imprisoned
• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety
in Canada
The Underground Railroad
• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—
escape routes from South
• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free
African Americans
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
increases protests
Continued . . .
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continued Protest,
Resistance, and Violence
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’ line,
closed to slavery
• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular
sovereignty on slavery
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to
vote in Kansas
• Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over
slavery in Kansas
Violence in the Senate
• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles
out Andrew Butler
• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults
Sumner on Senate floor
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New Political Parties Emerge
Slavery Divides Whigs
• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852
• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in
territories
• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over
slavery
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The Free-Soilers’ Voice
• Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of
white workers
The New Republican Party
• Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in
territories
• Democrat James Buchanan elected president
(1856); secession averted
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Conflicts Lead to Secession
The Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner,
claims freedom
• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal
rights, not a citizen
• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed
extension of slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen
Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state
is free or slave
• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants
constitutional amendment
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Continued . . .
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continued Conflicts
Lead to Secession
Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave
uprising (1859)
• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
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Lincoln Is Elected President
• 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern
electoral votes
Southern Secession
• 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form
Confederacy in 1861
• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president
of Confederacy
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Section 2
The Civil War Begins
Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede
from the Union, war begins between the North
and South.
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The Civil War Begins
Union and Confederate Forces Clash
Southern States Take Sides
Map
• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln
calls for volunteers
• 4 more slave states join Confederacy
• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain
in Union
Strengths and Strategies
• Northern strengths: more people, factories, food
production
• Southern strengths: cotton, good generals,
motivated soldiers
• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two,
capture Richmond
Continued . . .
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continued Union
and Confederate Forces Clash
Bull Run
• Bull Run—first battle, near Washington;
Confederate victory
• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for
firm stand in battle
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Union Armies in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts,
wins at Shiloh
• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the
Confederacy’s busiest port
Continued . . .
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continued Union
and Confederate Forces Clash
The War for the Capitals
• Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate
Army in 1862:
- drives General George McClellan from Richmond
- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle
• McClellan removed from command, lets battered
Confederates withdraw
Interactive
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The Politics of War
Britain Remains Neutral
• Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern
goods
Proclaiming Emancipation
• Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to
free Confederate slaves
• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no
longer possible
Both Sides Face Political Dissent
• Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to
suppress disloyalty, dissent
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Life During Wartime
War Leads to Social Upheaval
• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on
both sides
• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist;
leads to draft riots
African Americans Fight for Freedom
• African Americans are 1% of North’s population,
10% of army
• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites
for most of war
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Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet,
poor medical care
• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of
malnutrition, disease
Continued . . .
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continued Life
During Wartime
Women Work to Improve Conditions
• Thousands of women serve as nurses for
both sides
• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds
American Red Cross
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The War Affects Regional Economies
• Confederacy faces food shortage, increased
prices, inflation
• Union army’s need for supplies supports
Northern industry
• North’s standard of living declines
• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of
income) to pay for war
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Section 3
The North Takes Charge
After four years of bloody fighting, the Union
wears down the Confederacy and wins the war.
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The North Takes Charge
The Tide Turns
Southern Victories
• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863,
Chancellorsville
The Battle of Gettysburg
• North wins decisive three-day battle of
Gettysburg, July 1863
• Total casualties were more than 30%;
South demoralized
Interactive
The Gettysburg Address
• Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address
at cemetery dedication
• Speech helps country realize it is a
unified nation
Continued . . .
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continued The
Tide Turns
Grant Wins at Vicksburg
• May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after
unsuccessful attacks
Interactive
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The Confederacy Wears Down
Confederates Seek Peace
• Confederacy no longer able to attack; works
toward armistice
• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call
for peace
Total War
• Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union
Armies (1864)
• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as
Western commander
• Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s
will to fight
• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while
Sherman raids Georgia
Image
Continued . . .
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continued The
Confederacy Wears Down
Sherman’s March
• Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction
through Georgia
Map
The Election of 1864
• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s
victories
The Surrender at Appomatox
• April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox
Court House
• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance
collapses
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The War Changes the Nation
Human Cost of the War
• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000
Confederate soldiers die
Chart
Political and Economic Changes
• Civil War increases power, authority of federal
government
• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands
destroyed
A Revolution in Warfare
• Developments in military technology make fighting
more deadly
• Ironclad ships change naval warfare
Image
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The War Changes Lives
The Thirteenth Amendment
• Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater
• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped
by Union cavalry, shot
• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s
funeral train
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Section 4
Reconstruction and
Its Effects
After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a
period known as Reconstruction, during which
attempts are made to readmit the South to
the Union.
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Reconstruction and Its Effects
The Politics of Reconstruction
Building a New South
• Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services,
medical care, education
• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South
into Union (1865–1877)
Lincoln’s Plan
• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear
allegiance to Union
• Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
- want to destroy political power of former
slaveholders
- want full citizenship and suffrage for African
Americans
Image
Continued . . .
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continued The
Politics of Reconstruction
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own
plan
• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners
• Congress rejects new Southern governments,
congressmen
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s
Bureau Act (1866)
• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to
African Americans
• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into
districts
Continued . . .
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continued The
Politics of Reconstruction
Johnson Impeached
Image
• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction;
Senate does not convict
U. S. Grant Elected
• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10
African-American votes
• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of
African Americans
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Reconstructing Society
Conditions in the Postwar South
• By 1870, all former Confederate states have
rejoined Union
• Republican governments begin public works
programs, social services
Politics in the Postwar South
• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans,
want to improve position
• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to
the South after the war
• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal
rights for blacks
Continued . . .
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continued Reconstructing
Society
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become
community leaders
• Republican governments, church groups found
schools, universities
• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
African Americans in Reconstruction
• Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first
black senator
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another,
keep only part of crops
• Tenant farmers rent land from owner
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The Collapse of Reconstruction
The Collapse of Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:
- destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress
African Americans
- to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men,
women, children
• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal
power in South
• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s
Bureau expires
Support for Reconstruction Fades
• Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s
attention
• Supreme Court rules against Radical
Continued . . .
Republican changes
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continued The
Collapse of Reconstruction
Democrats “Redeem” the South
• Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal
ends Reconstruction
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