Transcript Union in Peril

The Union in Peril
Slavery divides the nation. North and South
enter a long and destructive civil war that ends
slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full
civil rights, but new laws discriminate against
them.
NEXT
The Union in Peril
SECTION 1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
SECTION 2
The Civil War Begins
SECTION 3
The North Takes Charge
SECTION 4
Reconstruction and Its Effects
NEXT
Section 1
The Divisive Politics
of Slavery
Disagreements over slavery heighten regional
tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.
NEXT
SECTION
1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Differences Between North and South
Controversy over Slavery Worsens
• Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved
labor
• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery
• South tries to spread slavery in West
• North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to
stop its spread
NEXT
SECTION
1
Slavery in the Territories
Statehood for California
• California applies for statehood as free state in
1849; angers South
The Compromise of 1850
• Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico
Territory
• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal
from Union
• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides
• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave
law enacted
• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue
in NM, Utah
NEXT
SECTION
1
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Fugitive Slave Act
• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and
imprisoned
• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety
in Canada
The Underground Railroad
• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—
escape routes from South
• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free
African Americans
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
increases protests
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
1
continued Protest,
Resistance, and Violence
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’ line,
closed to slavery
• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular
sovereignty on slavery
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to
vote in Kansas
• Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over
slavery in Kansas
Violence in the Senate
• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles
out Andrew Butler
• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults
Sumner on Senate floor
NEXT
SECTION
1
New Political Parties Emerge
Slavery Divides Whigs
• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852
• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in
territories
• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over
slavery
The Free-Soilers’ Voice
• Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of
white workers
The New Republican Party
• Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in
territories
• Democrat James Buchanan elected president
(1856); secession averted
NEXT
SECTION
1
Conflicts Lead to Secession
The Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner,
claims freedom
• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal
rights, not a citizen
• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed
extension of slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen
Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state
is free or slave
• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants
constitutional amendment
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
1
continued Conflicts
Lead to Secession
Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave
uprising (1859)
• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
Lincoln Is Elected President
• 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern
electoral votes
Southern Secession
• 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form
Confederacy in 1861
• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president
of Confederacy
NEXT
Section 2
The Civil War Begins
Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede
from the Union, war begins between the North
and South.
NEXT
SECTION
2
The Civil War Begins
Union and Confederate Forces Clash
Southern States Take Sides
• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln
calls for volunteers
• 4 more slave states join Confederacy
• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain
in Union
Strengths and Strategies
• Northern strengths: more people, factories, food
production
• Southern strengths: cotton, good generals,
motivated soldiers
• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two,
capture Richmond
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
2
continued Union
and Confederate Forces Clash
Bull Run
• Bull Run—first battle, near Washington;
Confederate victory
• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for
firm stand in battle
Union Armies in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts,
wins at Shiloh
• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the
Confederacy’s busiest port
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
2
continued Union
and Confederate Forces Clash
The War for the Capitals
• Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate
Army in 1862:
- drives General George McClellan from Richmond
- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle
• McClellan removed from command, lets battered
Confederates withdraw
NEXT
SECTION
2
The Politics of War
Britain Remains Neutral
• Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern
goods
Proclaiming Emancipation
• Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to
free Confederate slaves
• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no
longer possible
Both Sides Face Political Dissent
• Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to
suppress disloyalty, dissent
NEXT
SECTION
2
Life During Wartime
War Leads to Social Upheaval
• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on
both sides
• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist;
leads to draft riots
African Americans Fight for Freedom
• African Americans are 1% of North’s population,
10% of army
• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites
for most of war
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet,
poor medical care
• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of
malnutrition, disease
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
2
continued Life
During Wartime
Women Work to Improve Conditions
• Thousands of women serve as nurses for
both sides
• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds
American Red Cross
The War Affects Regional Economies
• Confederacy faces food shortage, increased
prices, inflation
• Union army’s need for supplies supports
Northern industry
• North’s standard of living declines
• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of
income) to pay for war
NEXT
Section 3
The North Takes Charge
After four years of bloody fighting, the Union
wears down the Confederacy and wins the war.
NEXT
SECTION
3
The North Takes Charge
The Tide Turns
Southern Victories
• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863,
Chancellorsville
The Battle of Gettysburg
• North wins decisive three-day battle of
Gettysburg, July 1863
• Total casualties were more than 30%;
South demoralized
The Gettysburg Address
• Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address
at cemetery dedication
• Speech helps country realize it is a
unified nation
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
3
continued The
Tide Turns
Grant Wins at Vicksburg
• May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after
unsuccessful attacks
NEXT
SECTION
3
The Confederacy Wears Down
Confederates Seek Peace
• Confederacy no longer able to attack; works
toward armistice
• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call
for peace
Total War
• Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union
Armies (1864)
• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as
Western commander
• Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s
will to fight
• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while
Sherman raids Georgia
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
3
continued The
Confederacy Wears Down
Sherman’s March
• Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction
through Georgia
The Election of 1864
• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s
victories
The Surrender at Appomatox
• April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox
Court House
• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance
collapses
NEXT
SECTION
3
The War Changes the Nation
Human Cost of the War
• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000
Confederate soldiers die
Political and Economic Changes
• Civil War increases power, authority of federal
government
• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands
destroyed
A Revolution in Warfare
• Developments in military technology make fighting
more deadly
• Ironclad ships change naval warfare
NEXT
SECTION
3
The War Changes Lives
The Thirteenth Amendment
• Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater
• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped
by Union cavalry, shot
• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s
funeral train
NEXT
Section 4
Reconstruction and
Its Effects
After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a
period known as Reconstruction, during which
attempts are made to readmit the South to
the Union.
NEXT
SECTION
4
Reconstruction and Its Effects
The Politics of Reconstruction
Building a New South
• Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services,
medical care, education
• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South
into Union (1865–1877)
Lincoln’s Plan
• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear
allegiance to Union
• Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
- want to destroy political power of former
slaveholders
- want full citizenship and suffrage for African
Americans
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
4
continued The
Politics of Reconstruction
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own
plan
• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners
• Congress rejects new Southern governments,
congressmen
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s
Bureau Act (1866)
• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to
African Americans
• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into
districts
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
4
continued The
Politics of Reconstruction
Johnson Impeached
• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction;
Senate does not convict
U. S. Grant Elected
• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10
African-American votes
• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of
African Americans
NEXT
SECTION
4
Reconstructing Society
Conditions in the Postwar South
• By 1870, all former Confederate states have
rejoined Union
• Republican governments begin public works
programs, social services
Politics in the Postwar South
• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans,
want to improve position
• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to
the South after the war
• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal
rights for blacks
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
4
continued Reconstructing
Society
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become
community leaders
• Republican governments, church groups found
schools, universities
• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
African Americans in Reconstruction
• Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first
black senator
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another,
keep only part of crops
• Tenant farmers rent land from owner
NEXT
SECTION
4
The Collapse of Reconstruction
The Collapse of Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:
- destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress
African Americans
- to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men,
women, children
• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal
power in South
• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s
Bureau expires
Support for Reconstruction Fades
• Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s
attention
• Supreme Court rules against Radical
Continued . . .
Republican changes
NEXT
SECTION
4
continued The
Collapse of Reconstruction
Democrats “Redeem” the South
• Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal
ends Reconstruction
NEXT
This is the end of the chapter presentation of
lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.
Print Slide Show
1. On the File menu, select Print
2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint
If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue
to step 4
3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format
you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline
4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint
presentation
BACK