Transcript The Union - werkmeisteramericanhistoryii

Chapter 12: The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Section 1: The Union Dissolves
…here we go…
Last Attempts at Compromise
(How well has compromise worked up to this point?)
When President Lincoln took office in
1861, the nation stood on the brink of
collapse.
 Seven southern states had already
seceded from the Union.

– South Carolina
– Mississippi
– Florida
– Alabama
- Georgia
- Louisiana
- Texas
The Crittenden Compromise

Senator John J. Crittenden proposed
extending the old Missouri Compromise
line to the Pacific Ocean.
– Territories in the North would be free, and those in
the South would be slave.
Lincoln quickly rejected this idea.
 Why?

– Opposition to the spread of slavery had united the
Republican Party.
– The Republicans may have turned on Lincoln if he
supported the expansion of slavery.
– Lincoln did support protecting slavery where it
already existed.
Lincoln’s Own Words…

“My paramount object in this struggle is to
save the Union, and it is not either to save
or destroy slavery. If I could save the
Union without freeing any slave, I would
do it, and if I could save it by freeing all
the slaves, I would do it, and if I could
save it by freeing some and leaving others
alone, I would also do that.”
Lincoln’s View

As President, Lincoln felt bound to enforce
the Constitution in every state, even those
that had already left.
Fort Sumter

The Confederacy began taking over many
federal forts, mints, and arsenals in the
seceded states.

Ft. Sumter, in South
Carolina, remained
under Union control.
Fort Sumter

This fort lay at a very strategic location in
the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

The South needed the fort in order to
control access to this major port city.
Fort Sumter

In early March 1861 the fort’s
commander, Major Robert Anderson, sent
word to Washington, D.C. that he was
nearly out of supplies, and
without reinforcements
the fort would fall to
the Confederates.
A little
help
here,
Abe?
Fort Sumter

The North did not want to lose the fort.
– Why?
Lincoln did not want to use force against
the Confederacy, and make the first move.
 Lincoln decided to send unarmed resupply ships to the fort.

– What do you think Lincoln’s reasoning was
behind this decision?
Fort Sumter
Lincoln sent word to South Carolina
governor F.W. Pickens that the supply
ships were on their way.
 Southern General
P.G.T. Beauregard ordered
the federal troops at the
fort to evacuate.
 Major Anderson refused.

Fort Sumter
At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861 the
Confederate forces opened fire on Fort
Sumter.
 The fort was
bombed for 34
hours before
Anderson formally
surrendered the
fort to the
Confederates.

Fort Sumter
On April 15, 1861, Lincoln publicly called
for the states to provide 75,000 soldiers
each to put down the rebellion.
 The recruits were told that they would
only be required for three months of
service.


Lincoln may have underestimate things…
Chapter 12: The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Section 1: The Union Dissolves
…what just happened?
Choosing Sides
After the fall of Fort Sumter, four more
southern states joined the Confederacy.
 Arkansas, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia
responded to Lincoln’s
call for troops by
seceding from the Union.

Choosing Sides

Four other slave states – Delaware,
Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri –
remained in the Union.
– Delaware – had few slaves and identified
more with the North
– Kentucky and Missouri – both states severely
divided on the issue
– Maryland – Lincoln used federal troops to
keep Maryland in the Union.
 Why was Maryland so important to the
Union?
Choosing Sides
The mountainous counties of
northwestern Virginia remained loyal to
the Union as well.
 People there had few slaves.
 They set up their own government, and in
1863 a new state was admitted to the
Union.

– What was it?
Choosing Sides

Many families in the border states would
be torn apart by the war.
– One son of Kentucky Senator John Crittenden
became a Union general, and the other
became a Confederate general.
– President Lincoln’s wife, Mary Todd, was a
southerner by birth. She had four brothers
who fought in the Confederate army.
The Confederacy
Original Seceded
States (1860)
South Carolina
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
Texas
Seceded in 1861
Arkansas
North Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
Choosing Sides

The Union – (North)  The Confederacy (South)
The Blue
The Grey
Comparing North and South
Resources of the North and South in 1861
Resources
Total Population
North
22,000,000
South____
9,000,000
(3,500,000 are slaves)
Bank Deposits
Railroad Mileage
Number of Factories
$189,000,000
$47,000,000
20,000 miles
9,000 miles
100,500
20,600
The Union
Strengths




large population of available
soldiers
controlled 85% of the
nation’s industry – could
produce military supplies
and replace lost or damaged
equipment faster than the
Confederacy
controlled the majority of
the railroads in the U.S., and
manufactured most of the
nation’s railroad equipment
most of the U.S. Navy
remained loyal to the Union
Weaknesses



the issue of slavery will
divide the North
the North has to fight on
the offensive – that is,
attempt to conquer about
750,000 square miles of
territory
the North will have a
difficult time finding
good, qualified military
leadership
The Confederacy
Strengths



the South is united in its
cause
the South will fight a
defensive war – it must only
protect its territory until the
North becomes tired of the
war
the South will have excellent
military leadership
Weaknesses




small population of
available soldiers
contained almost no
industry – most Southern
wealth was in land and
slaves
railroads were short and
disconnected, and the
South could not replace
broken or worn-out parts
or equipment quickly
had almost no naval ships
or experienced naval
officers
Robert E. Lee
One of the South’s
greatest advantages
was having this man
as commander.
 He fought in the
Mexican War.
 He led the troops that
captured John Brown
at Harper’s Ferry.

Robert E. Lee

As the southern
states began to
secede, U.S. General
Winfield Scott advised
Lincoln to offer
command of the
Union forces to Lee.
 Lee opposed slavery
and secession, but
stated that he could
not fight against
Virginia.

“With all my devotion to the
Union and the feeling of
loyalty and duty of an
American citizen, I have not
been able to make up my
mind to raise my hand
against my relatives, my
children, my home. I have
therefore resigned my
commission in the Army, and
save in defense of my native
State – with the sincere hope
that my poor services may
never be needed – I hope I
may never by called on to
draw my sword.”
Chapter 12: The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Section 1: The Union Dissolves
…who’s fighting?
The Armies
Lee eventually led the South’s army.
 By the end of 1861:

– Union – 527,000 soldiers
– Confederacy – 258,000 soldiers

Most were between the ages
of 18-29, with drummer
boys as young as 9.
The Armies
(in total)

The Union:
– 2,672,341 – army
 3,530 American Indians
 180,000 African Americans
– 105,962 – navy or marines
The Armies
(in total)

The Confederacy:
– 750,000 – army
– 5,500 American Indians
 Many were lured to fight for the
Confederacy with the promise of an allIndian state after the war was over.
Onto the battles…

Naming Civil War battles
– Union
 named battles based on the nearest run,
stream, creek, ridge, mountain, or natural
feature
– Confederacy
 named battles based on the nearest town
or village
The First Battle of Bull Run

General Scott (U)
believed his troops
needed several months
training.

Despite that, Lincoln
ordered General Irvin
McDowell to take 35,000
barely trained troops to
Richmond, VA in midJuly 1861.
The First Battle of Bull Run
Gen. McDowell’s forces never reached
Richmond.
 On July 21, 1861, 35,000 Confederate
troops met the Union troops
near Manassas Junction, a
railroad crossing.
 The Confederates were led by
General Joseph Johnston.

The First Battle of Bull Run
The Union will do well in this battle – at
first.
 Then, Confederate
Gen. Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson led a charge
toward the Union lines.
 The Union retreated back
to Washington, D.C.

The First Battle of Bull Run

Casualties:
– Union: 2,950
– Confederacy: 1,750

This battle will be a
victory for the South.
Chart of the Leading Battles of the
Civil War (1861-1865)







Battle:
Date:
Theater:
Union Commander:
Confederate Commander:
Victor:
Significance:
Manassas I
July 21, 1861
Eastern
Gen. McDowell
Gen. J.E. Johnston
Confederate
Both sides begin to
prepare for a long
war.
The Aftermath

The events of this battle led many to
realize that this war would go on longer
than a few months.

Each side began to seriously train its
forces and plan a strategy.
The Aftermath
President Lincoln
named General
George McClellan to
head the Union
forces.
 President Davis
named Joseph
Johnston to lead the
Army of Northern
Virginia, and chose
Robert E. Lee as his
advisor.

The Aftermath

The most important consequence may
have been psychological.
– How so?
The defeat shamed and shocked the
North.
 The South claimed superiority.

– Is it superior?
Chart of the Leading Battles of the
Civil War (1861-1865)







Battle:
Date:
Theater:
Union Commander:
Confederate Commander:
Victor:
Significance:
Fort Sumter
April 12-14, 1861
Eastern
Major Anderson
General Beauregard
Confederate
Opening of the Civil War
Chart of the Leading Battles of the
Civil War (1861-1865)







Battle:
Date:
Theater:
Union Commander:
Confederate Commander:
Victor:
Significance:
Manassas I
July 21, 1861
Eastern
Gen. McDowell
Gen. J.E. Johnston
Confederate
Both sides begin to
prepare for a long
war.