Transcript Reconstruction (1865-1876) - Mrs. Carnes

Georgia Performance Standards
• SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and
Reconstruction on Georgia.
• b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include
Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg,
Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s
Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville.
• c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other
southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; sharecropping
and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black
legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan.
Review Questions
1. Where did the Civil War begin and end?
a. Fort Sumter; Gettysburg
b. Gettysburg; Appomattox Courthouse
c. Fort Sumter; Appomattox Courthouse
2. What were the two main causes of the
Civil War?
3. What was Sherman’s March to the Sea?
4. What happened at the Battle of
Gettysburg?
Review
The Civil War
Causes of the Civil War
• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin increased
demand for enslaved workers
• Southern states:
– States’ rights
– Support of slavery
– Agricultural economy
• Northern states:
– Opposed slavery
– Industrial economy
Compromises
• Missouri Compromise
• Compromise of 1850
• Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Dred Scott Decision
Key Events of the Civil War
• Fort Sumter
• Antietam
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Gettysburg
• Chickamauga
• Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Andersonville
Activity
• Write a paragraph that explains how you
think life in the South was after the Civil
War. Do you think everything returned
back to normal? Was everyone friendly to
one another? You need AT LEAST FIVE
sentences.
Review Questions
The Dred Scott decision made by the Supreme Court in 1857
declared that…
a. slaves were citizens of the US.
b. slaves were property, were not US citizens, and had no
right to sue.
c. Dred Scott should be set free and given protection in the
North
2. The ______________________ was the main reason that the
Southern states seceded from the Union.
3. What caused the need for slavery?
4. Which is a reason many Georgia plantation owners favored
secession?
a. Fear that abolition would end their way of life
b. The need to import large numbers of new slaves
c. The supported Abraham Lincoln
The End of the War
• At the end of the war, Southern troops
were tired and outnumbered.
• In Virginia, Grant was wearing down
Lee’s troops.
• Remember, Sherman swept through
Georgia.
• The war was ending. Some Southerners
were ready to stop fighting, but some
wanted to continue.
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
• General Lee sent word to
Jefferson Davis that he could
not stop Union forces from
taking Richmond.
• Lee wanted to continue the
fight, but he knew it was time
to end.
• Lee met with Grant at
Appomattox Courthouse in
Virginia and agreed on terms
of surrender.
– Confederate troops
surrendered their weapons
and were allowed to go
home.
– They were not tried for
treason.
• Show video:
http://www.history.com/topics/freedmens
-bureau/videos#legacy-of-the-civil-war
Think, Pair, Share
The Civil War has just ended, and the
Southern economy is in ruins. Slavery
has been abolished. Northerners and
Southerners feel deep anger toward one
another. As a member of Congress, you
must help rebuild the nation.
What problems would you face in rebuilding the
nation?
How would you get rid of tension between the
North and the South?
Key Questions…
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
Conditions After the War…
• After the war, the South was an economic,
social, and political wreck.
• Cities and towns like Atlanta, GA; Richmond,
VA, and Columbia, SC were in ruins.
• Life for the new freedmen was very unstable.
• Freedmen did things that were prohibited
under slavery:
– Held religious services
– Bought guns
– Were not friendly to white men
– Changed their names
Presidential Reconstruction
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863):
• Plan to help rebuild or reconstruct the South before allowing
Southerners to reenter the Union.
• Ten Percent Plan:
• When 10% of the white male voting population had taken an
oath of loyalty, they would be recognized. After the oath, the
Southern government also had to write a new constitution
that made slavery illegal.
• After Lincoln died, Vice-President Andrew Johnson became
president. His plan was similar to Lincoln’s, but he had higher
demands for Southerners.
• Johnson had additional requirements for Southern states:
•
•
•
•
Ratify the 13th Amendment
Cancel the Ordinance of Secession
Cancel all wartime debts
Write a constitution that included a provision of the abolition of
slavery
President Andrew Johnson
Reconstruction in Georgia
• President Johnson appointed James
Johnson as Georgia’s temporary Governor.
• Constitution of 1865:
– Delegates were white men who wanted to
preserve white supremacy (control of political
system by whites)
– Went along with requirements set by President
Johnson
– Elections were held, and the government began
to reform.
– The newly elected legislature ratified the 13th
Amendment.
Radical (Congressional) Plan
for Readmission
 Congress and many Northerners thought
the South should be punished.
 Required new state constitutions, including
black suffrage and ratification of the 13th
and 14th Amendments.
 In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that
authorized the military to enroll eligible black
voters and begin the process of constitution
making.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
• The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to
help the new freedmen and poor whites
get food, shelter, and clothing.
• The Bureau, along with other religious
organizations, also established schools for
the freedmen.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Southern Labor
• After the Civil War, whites still owned most of the
land.
• Without property of their own, former slaves returned
to work on plantations – this time as wage earners.
• Plantation owners desperately needed workers, so
different systems were created:
– Gang Labor - similar to slavery; worked under the
supervision of a white overseer
– Wage Labor – workers agreed to be paid at harvest time
– Contract System – workers signed a contract that explained
the agreement between the worker and landowner.
Sharecropping
• Under this system, a freedman or poor white would
work a plot of land for the landowner.
• The sharecropper received a portion of the land at
harvest time.
• The landowner provided the sharecropper a place to
live, seed for planting, farm tools, and food on credit
(the cost of these items was deducted from the money
earned from the sharecroppers portion of the crop).
• Landowners sometimes cheated the sharecropper out of
money earned.
• Page 292
Tenant Farming
• Similar to sharecropping
• Tenants usually owned some agricultural equipment
and farm animals.
• They also bought their own seed and fertilizer.
• They still paid landowners, but since they owned
more than sharecroppers, they made a small profit.
Black Codes
• Georgia had met all of President Johnson’s
requirements, but Republicans still weren’t satisfied
because Southerners were mistreating freedmen.
• Southern whites passed the Black Codes:
• Created racial segregation
• Prohibited interracial marriage
• Blocked African Americans from serving on
juries
• Prohibited them from testifying against whites
in court
Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Northern Republicans were outraged at the
South’s attempts to deny freedmen their rights.
• This act guaranteed the rights of freedmen and
blocked the Black Codes.
• Freedmen’s Bureau was extended.
• Congress passed the 14th Amendment, which
guaranteed citizenship to all people born in the
US, except Native Americans.
Congress Breaks with the President - Facts
• Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created.
• February, 1866  President Johnson
vetoed the Freedmen’s
Bureau Bill.
• March, 1866  Johnson
vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
• Congress passed both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes  1st in
U. S. history.
Review
 Lincoln Plan: Southerners would be
pardoned if they took an oath of
allegiance.
 Congressional Plan: The South would
be treated like a conquered country.
 Andrew Johnson Plan: Approve the
13th Amendment and get rid of
secession laws.
th
13
Amendment
•
Ratified in December, 1865.
•
Prohibited slavery/involuntary servitude.
•
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as punishment for crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States or any
place subject to their jurisdiction.
•
Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
14th Amendment
• Ratified in July, 1868.
• Granted citizenship to the freedmen and
forbade state from denying anyone the
“equal protection of the law.”
• Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights
and security of freed people.
• Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
• Enshrine the national debt while repudiating
that of the Confederacy.
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 Granted all male citizens the right to vote
regardless of race, color, or pervious condition
of servitude.
 The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that they
were not granted the vote.
Activity
Create a pro/con list that explains the
positives and negatives of life in the south
after the Civil War.
You must have AT LEAST five details
written under each category (pro/con)
You can set it up like this:
Life in the South After the War
Pros
Cons
Review Questions
1. A supporter of President Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction
would most likely have agreed with which of these
statements?
a. All southern plantations should be divided among former
slaves.
b. All Confederate officers should be tried for war crimes.
c. It is important that the North support policies that help the
South recover as quickly as possible.
2. Which Reconstruction Plan focused on punishing the South
for the Civil War?
a. Congressional (Radical)
b. Presidential (Lincoln/Johnson)
3. After the Civil War, the typical planter in Georgia had
plenty of land but no labor to work it. How was slave
labor replaced in Georgia?
SS8H6c
a)Landowners shared resources with each other until
harvest time
b)Landowners allowed people with no land to grow crops
on their acreage for a share of those crops
c)Large numbers of black Georgians became landowners
and hired other black people to work the land
4. Which organization was created to help supervise the
transition of slaves to freedmen?
a) Morehouse College
b) Freedmen’s Bureau
c) NAACP
Henry McNeal Turner and
Black Legislators
 First black men to be elected in the
Georgia General Assembly in1867.
 Were expelled (kicked out of office) in
1868 on the grounds that the
constitution gave African Americans
the right to vote but did not specifically
give them the right to hold political
office.
Ku Klux Klan
 Secret organization that tried to keep
freedmen from exercising their new
civil rights.
 Terrorized African Americans to keep
them from voting.
 Beatings, whippings, murders