Transcript Civil War Unit - Springfield Public Schools

Civil War Unit
U.S. History
Mr. Dunn
Causes of War
1. Tarriffs
-
-
Enacted to protect
northern factories
Made manufactured
goods more
expensive for
southern farmers.
Source of friction in
congress and in the
general public
Causes of War
2. Slavery vs Free
Labor
- separate ways of
looking at life
- different core values
- north relied on
cheap immigrant
labor
- south relied on free
slave labor
Causes of War
3. Control of Congress
- Series of Compromises were developed to calm both sides
– like a Band-Aid covering an infected wound.
- Compromise of 1850
- Kansas – Nebraska Act
- Missouri Compromise
- Crittenden Compromise
- 3/5 Compromise
- Fugitive Slave Act
Causes of War
4. The election of
Lincoln
- Last straw for the
south
- Even though Lincoln
said he would not
outlaw slavery in his
campaign, southern
states didn’t trust him
Importance of the 1st Shot
• Lincoln did not want to “start” the war
– Northern opposition to war
– It was fine if he were “drug into” war
• Border States
– Needed to keep Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland
and Delaware in the Union
• Occupation of Maryland
– Surrounds Washington, D.C. on 3 sides
Fort Sumter
• First “Battle” of the Civil
War
– Union Ships tried to resupply the fort.
– Confederate forces fired on
the fort to prevent the resupply effort
• 34 hour bombardment
• Union surrenders the fort
when supplies run out
• No casualties on either
side
– The war was on!!!
Secession
• When Lincoln moved to
re-supply Fort Sumter –
S. Carolina, Alabama,
Georgia, Mississippi,
Louisiana and Texas
seceded from the Union.
• When Lincoln called for
Federal Troops following
Ft. Sumter, Arkansas, N.
Carolina, Tennessee &
Virginia seceded.
Confederate and Union Resources
and Positions
Northern Position – Start of War
• Slavery tolerated and legal
• Preserve Union
• Population advantage
– 2.1 million serve in military during war
• Factory capacity
– 110,000 factories with numerous facilities that could produce weapons,
railroad track and locomotives.
• Wealth
– 81% of nations banks located in the north
• Aided in financing the war
• Had to fight offensive war
– Unfamiliar territory
• Poor Military Leadership
– Generals were inexperienced or incompetent or both
Southern Position
• Slavery is common and is supported by the majority of
society
• Fought to preserve Slavery
• Sparse population - 8.5 million with 4 million slaves
– 800,000 men serve in the military during the war
• Factory Capacity
– 10,000 factories with 1 foundry with the ability to manufacture
weapons, railroads and locomotives
• Able to fight defensive war
– Familiar territory
– Defending own homes
• Excellent Military Leadership
– Experienced, battle hardened commanders
War Strategies - North
• Anaconda Plan
– Based on region’s
geography
• Divide south at
Appalachian mountains
• Control Mississippi River
and capture western ports
• Blockade south on the
east and the south
• Capture Richmond
– Totally cut off the south
from the outside world
– Destroy transport hubs
– War of attrition
War Strategies - South
• Invade the North and
Capture Washington
– Gain support from Europe
if they could show that the
south could win
– Shatter Northern Morale by
capturing capitol
– Use cotton as leverage to
get help from Europe
– Speedy Conclusion
Opposition to the War
South
Conscription – also known as the draft
Mostly the poor whites were drafted – the
large plantation owners were granted exemptions
(were excused from the draft) – this caused
widespread anger in poor southerners
North
Carpetbaggers – Southern sympathizers who made
speeches and wrote articles in the north that were in
support of the south’s war effort
It became such a problem for Lincoln that he
suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus and
imprisoned copperheads without trial
1st Bull Run
• 1st major land battle of
the civil war
• War as a spectator sport
– Stonewall Jackson rallies
confederate troops
– First use of the rebel yell
– Considered Confederate
Victory
– Over 4,000 casualties
Eastern Theatre
• Peninsula Campaign
– Gen. McClellan moved
troops from D.C. to
Richmond
– Series of small battles
that end in an
attempted siege of
Richmond
– Confederate Forces
were able to break the
siege and push back
the Union army
Seven Days Battle
• Confederate forces attack
Union as the Union is
setting up the Siege of
Richmond
• This counterattack fought
back union advances
from the peninsula
campaign and led to the
firing of Union General
George McClellan
• Attack was considered a
Confederate victory
McClellan
• Commander of the Army of the Potomac (Union)
– Was an excellent organizer, supplier and trainer of
armies
– Did not like to place army in danger
– Was a slow, plodding decision-maker
– Because he did not follow and engage confederate
forces following the battles of Seven Pines and
Yorktown, The confederates were able to regroup,
bring in reserves and counterattack
• Lincoln fired him following the mistakes at
Richmond
Western Theatre
• Forces led by new
general – Ulysses S.
Grant
– Aimed to secure the
Tennessee and
Cumberland Rivers so
troops could easily be
moved into Tennessee
– Combined naval and
ground forces
– First Union Victories at Fort
Henry and Fort Donaldson
– nickname “Unconditional
Surrender Grant”
Shiloh
• P.T. Beauregard led
confederates in attack
against Grants troops
– Day 1 very intense fighting,
and Rebels had Union
pinned against Tennessee
River
• Grants advisors urged
retreat
– Day 2 - Grant surprise
counterattack –after fierce
fighting rebel forces retreat
giving Grant another victory
War at Sea
• Blockade
– North used its superior
navy to blockade the
southern and eastern
shoreline
– 1st use of ironclad
warships
USS Monitor - Union
• Monitor and the
Merrimack
CSS Merrimack – CSA
War at Sea
• Battle of New Orleans
– Admiral David
Farragut led Union
ships past fort
guarding New Orleans
and captured the city.
– Citizens of the city
were furious, but
Union controlled the
mouth of the
Mississippi
2nd Bull Run
Manassas, Virginia – Aug.
1862
- Lee (CSA) defeats Pope
(Union)
- Lee splits army and tries
flanking maneuver on
Pope’s Army
- maneuver was a
success
Confederate Victory
Led to Pope’s removal as
Commander of the Army
of the Potomac
Confederate Invasion of the North
• Battle of Antietam
– Occurred in Sharpsburg,
Maryland
– 17 days long
– 1st Major battle on Union
soil
– 23,000 dead
– Union victory, however Lee
continued to fight battles on
Union soil
• This victory discouraged
European Powers to
become involved – didn’t
think the south could win
Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln’s plan to free the slaves in the states in
rebellion – Sept. 1862
– Wartime necessity – went into effect on Jan. 1, 1863.
– Did not free slaves in the states that remained loyal to
the union
– Psychological warfare
• What to do with escaped slaves? They had to be free to be
employed by the US gov’t.
– Needed a union victory to announce plan so that he
didn’t sound “desperate” – Antietam gave him that
battle
Emancipation Proclamation
Effects of the Emancipation
Proclamation
Fredericksburg
• Union – 114,000 troops led by
Burnside
• CSA – 75,000 troops led by
Lee
– Union frontal attack across an
open plain (poor leadership)
– CSA had high ground with
good fields of fire
• Referred to as the “shooting
gallery” or the “slaughter pen”
– CSA wins battle – 12,000
union dead, 5000 CSA dead
– Lincoln transfers Burnside
(fired) and appoints General
Hooker to replace him
Chancellorsville
• Hooker (Union)
divided army of
134,000 into 3 parts
• Lee also split his
troops and attacked
• CSA wins battle
– Lost Gen. Stonewall
Jackson who was shot
mistakenly by his own
troops – he died 8
days later
The Battle of Gettysburg
• Lee invades north a 2nd time with 75,000 troops
– Purpose was to get supplies
– Scouts found a large store of shoes in Gettysburg
• Unaware of 2 large brigades of union troops on the high
ground outside of town
– Day 1 – Union forces attack raiding party that was
after the shoes
• CSA forces push the union line back to Cemetery Hill and
Cemetery Ridge
• CSA held Seminary Ridge
• North held the high ground and pounded CSA troops with
artillery
Battle of Gettysburg
• Day 2 – Lee attacks Union left flank (a hill
called Little Round Top)
– Union lines held
• Day 3 - Lee attacks Union center at
Cemetery Ridge – attack known as
Pickett’s charge
– Union lines held and Lee was forced to retreat
• Bad weather and indecision prevented Gen.
Meade (union) from pursuing Lee and the CSA
forces as they retreated back into Virginia
Battle of Gettysburg
Battle of Gettysburg
• Casualties
– Union 23,000
– Confederate 20,000
• Critical turning point in the war
• Lincoln – “Our army held the war in the
hollow of their hand and they would not
close it.”
Gettysburg Address
• Lincoln’s address
dedicating a cemetery
for fallen soldiers at
the Gettysburg
Battlefield
• The short speech was
widely criticized at the
time but is now
considered one of the
best in history
Vicksburg
• Grant splits troops
– Held off 1 confederate army
near Jackson, MS
– Surrounded another in
Vicksburg
• CSA had high ground and
Grant’s forces took heavy
losses
• Laid seige to the city for 6
weeks until the CSA ran out of
Ammo and food.
– Nothing allowed in or out of
Vicksburg
– CSA unable to break out at
Jackson to re-supply
Vicksburg
– Grant waited patiently
Vicksburg
• Demanded Unconditional
surrender
• CSA surrender on July 3,
1863
• Union now controlled the
Mississippi
• Louisiana, Texas , and
Arkansas are now cut off
from the rest of the south
and are effectively out of
the war
Lincoln finds his General
• Grant was trained at West
Point, but was not a good
student (2nd to last in his class)
Ulysses S. Grant
Grant at Cold Harbor
– He drank too much
– He had a weakness for the
ladies
• He understood men and
strategy
– Willing to take risks
– Very stubborn
– Made decisions and stuck to
them
– Drove men hard, but was
respected by them
– Was not afraid to put men in
harms way – almost to a fault
– Unconditional surrender
Grant and staff at War Planning Meeting
War of Attrition
• Strategy that attempted to
keep engaging the south
in battle until they ran out
of men, supplies and will
to fight
• Effective strategy with
brutal results
• Total war – not only
attack the enemies army,
but society as well
Fort Sumter Ruins
Petersburg
– Civilians as casualties of
war
Recovering the dead
Columbia, SC ruins
Richmond
Richmond
Shiloh
Wilderness Campaign
• Grant repeatedly forced
Lee’s troops to engage
and fight.
Wilderness Campaign
Siege of Petersburg
– Grant lost 60,000 men
during this period
– CSA losses mounted as
well and they were running
out of supplies and men
– At the conclusion of the
Wilderness Campaign,
Grant laid siege to
Petersburg to rest and
regroup
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Sherman used total
war to capture Atlanta
– He then proceeded to
destroy everything in
his path on his march
to the sea
– Captured Charleston
using same tactics
– Burned or destroyed
everything in his path
Appomattox
• Terms of surrender
– Confederate Officer’s
could keep their side
arms
– All soldiers would be
fed
– All soldiers would be
allowed to keep their
horses or mules
– None would be tried
for treason
Final Surrender
• April 26th, 1865
General Joseph
Johnston surrendered
to General Sherman
at Durham Station,
N.C. under similar
terms to those at
Appomattox
• The war was finally
over