Transcript Andrew Jackson - New Smyrna Beach High School

Jacksonian Democracy
• Bookends:
– The Corrupt Bargain Election, 1824, to the
end of the Mexican American War, 1848
• Theme: Growth in the power of the of the
“Common Man” & westward expansionManifest Destiny
• Events:
– Nullification Crisis, Indian Removal,
National Bank closing, Polk’s Election,
Oregon Issue, Texas Independence…
What is
democracy?
• democracy: Greek Origins: demosthe people + kratos- authority
• government ruled directly by a
majority of the people
• belief in, or practice of, social
equality: absence of snobbery or
social exclusiveness, characterized
as from the common people
Versus:
• republic, elect most talented people
to govern, indirect government
through a system of representation
• More elite rule, snobbery
Matching: -ocracy, rule by…
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Monarchy
Theocracy
Plutocracy
Meritocracy
Kleptocracy
Mobocracy
Aristocracy
•
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Rich
One person
Thieves
Nobility
Disorganized bunch
of people
• Church leaders
• People most capable
Is it democracy?
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Voting rights for all adults
Uniforms in public schools
Majority rules
Equal income for all people
High school
slavery
Voting & Election of the
President• Past: State
Legislators chose
the Electoral
College
• Change:
• 1. Voters pick the
Electoral College
• 2. Universal White
Male Suffrage- no
property
qualifications to vote
anymore
• Western States the
first to let this
happen
Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860
Public Campaigns for Office• Politicians have to convince people to
vote for them (running versus standing
for office)
• More democratic because more
responsive to the public
• Downgrades discussion of issues, focus
on trivial matters instead of the issues
(LCD)
• Presidential Election of 1840
best example of this!
(*Remember this*)
Rise of Political Parties• Past: “Era of Good Feelings”- only
one political party in power, the
Jeffersonian-Republicans
• Change: New political parties form:
Democrats, Whigs, Anti-Masons,
and Workingmen’s Parties
• More democratic because more
ideas in government
Rotation in Office• Andrew Jackson gave government
jobs to people for just a few years
to get more common people
working in government
• Jackson believed that all common
people were capable of holding a
government job
• Spoils System-Government jobs
should go to loyal political party
members
Why Increased Democratization?

White male suffrage increased

Party nominating committees.

Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential
electors.

Spoils system.

Rise of Third Parties.


Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832
election:
§ Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs
(1832)
§ Democrats (1828)
Republicans (1854)
Essential Question:
Champion of
the
“Common Man”?
OR
“King”
Andrew?
Andrew Jackson
The “Common Man’s”
Presidential Candidate
Jackson’s Opponents
in 1824
Henry Clay
[KY]
John Quincy Adams
[MA]
William H. Crawford
[GA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
“Corrupt Bargain”
Jackson had the
most votes and
electoral votes but
lost b/c the House
of Representatives
decided the
election and the
Speaker of the
House, Henry Clay,
gave all his votes
to Adams in
exchange for the
position of
Secretary of State
Concept:
Majority
vs.
Plurality
Jackson said of Clay that "the Judas of
the West has closed the contract and will
receive the thirty pieces of silver!"
Election of 1824—
House of
Representatives vote
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
Coffin handbill:
“Listed 14 fights, duels, brawls, shooting
and cutting affairs in which Jackson killed,
slashed, and clawed various American
citizens”
Jackson in Mourning
for His Wife
1828 Election
Results
The Reign of “King Mob”
1st Westerner, common person elected to
the Presidency, Revolution?
The Center of
Population in the
Country Moves WEST
• The Federal Gov. started to pass tariffs after
the War of 1812 (American System) to protect
the newly forming manufacturing in the
country as opposed to the previous revenue
based tariffs (Hamilton)
• Tariffs of 1816-23%, 1824-37%, 1828-45%, &
1832-35%
• Tariffs hurt Southern States because they
bought a lot of foreign manufactured goods
from their income earned from cotton
• Southern politicians started to loudly complain
about tariffs and named the Tariff of 1828 the
Tariff of Abominations, which raised duties to
45%
• Political ploy to make J.Q. Adams look bad
John
Calhoun
*Halloween
costume
suggestion,
you will be
the scariest
person in the
room!
The South Carolina
Exposition and Protest 1828
• Secretly authored by VP John C.
Calhoun
• Way to protect minority rights in a
political system of majority rule
• Nullification
– each state had the power to decide
whether to obey a federal law that
exceeded the power granted to Congress
in the Constitution and null and void it
– Congress could then repeal it or pass a
Constitutional Amendment
The Webster-Hayne
Debate
Sen. Daniel
Webster
[MA]
Sen. Robert
Hayne
[SC]
Webster-Hayne Debate, 1830
Senator Robert Hayne, S.C.
• Elaborated on the Nullification theory
• Stated that the federal government could not
be trusted to limit its own power
• Believed that the states came together to make
the Union
Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts
• Nationalist Theory of the Union
– “We the people” came together to make the nation,
not the states
– Idea of perpetual Union
• Endorsed Judicial Review
• “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
inseparable”
Read pages 5-6, the
Hayne-Webster Debate
• Hayne
– What is the Republican doctrine of 1798?
– Why does he bring up the Hartford Convention?
– Why can neither Congress or the Supreme Court fix
this issue?
– Notice taxation issue, Revolution, Whiskey Rebellion,
Tariffs, it did not end…
– What does paying this tax turn him into?
• Webster
– According to Webster, why is he afraid “to look beyond
the Union to see what might lie hidden in the dark
recess behind?
– What is the significance in the ordering of Liberty and
Union at the end of Webster’s speech?
Jefferson Day Toast,
1830, symbolic split
Jackson:
Our Federal Union—it
must be preserved.
Calhoun:
The Union, next to our
liberty, most dear.
Calhoun
resigned from
VP in 1832
• Peggy Eaton Affair
• Kitchen Cabinet
• Tariffs the real
issue
• Calhoun, once a
nationalist,
became a fierce
sectionalist and
state’s rights
advocate in the
Senate.
Nullification Crisis
• S.C. nullified the Tariff of 1832
• Jackson issued an order to prepare
for war
• Force Bill (“The Bloody Bill”) passed
Congress
• The South backed down
• Henry Clay brokered the Tariff of
1833 Compromise, reduced tariff
levels by 10% in 10 years
• Closest the nation came to Civil
War before it happened
• South began to abandon the idea of
nullification for secession after this
“… when Congress exceeded these
powers … that each state could
nullify, and refuse to enforce, any
act of Congress found to be in
violation of its delegated authority.”
“The best way to guard the
South from the tyranny of the
north, I maintain, is through the
structure of states rights.”
Calhoun
Was Andrew Jackson
democratic in dealing
with the tariff
controversy?
What do
you think
this guy
does for a
living?
•“Five Civilized Tribes” – called this because they adopted
white cultural practices, even owned slaves
Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole
Tribes
“Treaties with the Indians
[are] an absurdity.”
-- Andrew Jackson, 1817
Indian Removal
• Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced
the Native American tribes of the
southeast to leave their homeland
• Cherokee Indians fight this process,
led by John Ross
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Supreme Court ruled that the state
of Georgia’s laws had no force in
Cherokee territory
• Jackson said, “Marshall has made
his decision, now let him enforce it.”
• Treaty of New Echota, 1835
The Cherokee Nation
After 1820
Indian Removal
• Trail of Tears refers to the forced removal of
15,000 Native Americans from their homeland by
the US Army to Indian Territory in which 4,000
Indians die
• Jackson believed that his policy was humane
because if he did not remove them, then frontier
settlers would massacre them. Plus, they would
have land to call their own.
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
(Van Buren was President then)
Jackson’s Professed
“Love” for
Native Americans
Was Andrew Jackson
democratic in dealing
with Native Americans?
The National Bank
Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
President
Jackson
nd
2
National Bank
• National Bank- more powerful than the
Federal Government
• Issued 1/3 of the US’s paper money, ¼
loans, and held 1/3 of the gold
• People hated the National Bank because of
the Panic 1819
• Bank Charter to expire in 1836 and
Congress passed a bill to re-charter the
bank
• Jackson vetoed the bill
• Whigs called Jackson King Andrew
because they felt he was too powerful
Jackson’s Use of
Federal Power
VETO
1830
Maysville Road project
in KY [state of his
political rival, Henry
Clay]
• The previous 6 Presidents only used
vetoes (9 in all ) when they thought a
law was unconstitutional
• Now Jackson began to use vetoes (12
in all ) when he thought a law was not in
the best interest of the common person,
expand powers of the Presidency
• Jackson began to deposit federal funds
in pet state banks; bank dies b/c no
money was put into it
• Bad Policy, caused the Panic of 1837
The Downfall of
“Mother Bank”
1832 Election
Results
People
Agreed
With
Jackson!
The Specie
Circular (1836)
 buy future federal
land only with gold or
silver to stop
speculation on
Western Lands
BUS Banknote
Specie—Gold or silver
Campaign to remove Jackson
from the 20$ bill
The 1836 Election
Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
[O. K.]
The Panic of 1837
Spreads Quickly!
Martin
Van
Ruin!
Was Andrew Jackson
democratic in dealing
with the Bank of the
United States (BUS)?
Andrew Jackson in
Retirement
• Ask slave if in heaven?
• Funeral and Parrot
Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844, one
year before his death
• Votes for President after death
Was the Age of Jackson democratic?
Consider: universal white male suffrage,
voters selecting the Electoral College,
campaigns, political parties, spoils system,
slavery, Indian removal, BUS, Nullification
Crisis, Andrew Jackson’s presidency, reform
movements and the Second Great Awakening
1
3
7
9
5
________________________________________
I
I
I
I
I
Revisionists
Moderates
(radicals & liberals)
NO
Inbetween
Traditional
(Conservatives)
YES
• Read pages 7-8 on the bank and
do the 3 multiple choice questions
on a separate sheet of paper
• Look at the Specie Circular
Handout on page 9
• Read Jackson’s Bank Veto
message and find 3 + reasons why
he said the bank was
undemocratic on pages 11-12
Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844
(one year before his death)
1767 - 1845
Make your own political
cartoon, 15 pts
• Make a political cartoon on Andrew
Jackson on one of his controversial
issues, like the Bank, nullification, Indian
Removal, or the Corrupt Bargain, 8 pts
• On the back of the paper write 5
sentences on what the issue is about, if
you are for or against for Jackson, and
explain the symbolism in your cartoon. (7
points)
Andrew Jackson traditionally is
associated with the rise of
democracy in America.
Evaluate how democratic
Andrew Jackson's presidential
policies were on THREE of the
following issues.
-Economics
-Native Americans
-Nullification Crisis
-Rotation of political office
• Jackson’s economic policies on the bank were
democratic because he fought for the common man
against the forces of the elite rich.
– Henry Clay & Nicholas Biddle
– Veto
– Removed deposits
• Jackson’s policies dealing with Native Americans
were undemocratic because he ignored the
democratic checks and balances processes of the
Constitution.
– Indian Removal Act, 1830
– John Marshall
– Worcester v. Georgia
• Jackson’s policies on the Nullification crisis were
democratic because he enforced majority rules and
preserved the Union (The institution of democracy).
– John C. Calhoun
– Tariff of Abominations, 1828
– Force Bill, 1832
• What caused the rise
second party system in
America?
How did TWO of the
following contribute to the
re-emergence of a two
party system in the period
from 1820 to 1840
Major political personalities/
elections
State’s rights
Economic issues
Read handout on page 13
Second Party System
1824-1852:
• The Whigs proposed a society that would
be economically diverse but culturally
uniform; the Democrats preferred a society
that would be economically uniform, but
were more tolerant of cultural and moral
diversity.
MAJOR PARTY ISSUES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Jacksonian Democrats
A) Corrupt Bargain Need for national
reform
B) Support Jeffersonian (small gov.)
C) Support majoritarian rule
D) Support power of the Executive
E) Concerned about the "market
revolution"
F) Limit the "American System“
(Banks, tariffs, internal
improvements)
G) Support broad territorial
expansion
H) Support Indian Removal
I) Ignore slavery as a national issue
J) Generally supportive of new
immigrants
National Republicans/ Whigs
• Jackson unqualified for office
• Support Hamilton proactive
gov.
• Concerned about the masses
• Support power of the Congress
to endorse the "market
revolution“
• Promote the "American
System“
• Support restricted territorial
expansion
• Generally opposed Indian
removal
• Concern for morality of slavery
• Concerned about cultural
impact of Immigrants
Major Political Personalities
• ANDREW JACKSON!!!!!!!!!!!
•
•
•
•
– Spoils system
Whigs- Clay, Webster, Calhoun switched, William Henry
Harrison
Democrats- Martin Van Buren
John Quincy Adams- before parties
Elections:
– 1820 swept by Monroe
– 1824 Corrupt Bargain- rise of political parties
– 1828 Jackson elected- West Rev?
– 1832 Jackson re-elected despite bank issue
– 1836 Van Buren succeeded AJ
– 1840- Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!- Log Cabin Hard
Cider Campaign
Economics
• American System, BIT,
– Bank- Jackson Veto, Specie Circular
– Internal improvements- Maysville Road Veto,
– Tariffs- Nullification crisis
• Charles River Bridge Case
• Whigs for the New Economy- Democrats
against it
State’s Rights
• Nullification Crisis
• Indian Removal
The Jacksonian Period (1824 1848) has been celebrated as
the era of the “Common Man.”
To what extent did the period
live up to its characterization?
Consider TWO of the following
in your response?
-Economic development
-Politics
-Reform movements
Voting Requirements
in the Early 19c