Transcript RECONSTRUCTION 1865-1877

RECONSTRUCTION
1865-1877
AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR
QUESTIONS FOR THE NORTH
• WHAT TO DO TO PUNISH THE SOUTH FOR
SECESSION?
• WHAT WERE THE TERMS UNDER WHICH THE
DEFEATED CONFEDERATE STATES SHOULD BE
ALLOWED TO REENTER THE UNION?
• WHAT DEMANDS SHOULD BE MADE ON THEM
BEFORE THEY REENTERED?
• SHOULD CONGRESS OR THE PRESIDENT
ESTABLISH THE TERMS?
“RADICAL” REPUBLICANS
• “RADICAL” RECONSTRUCTION-WITHOUT THIS
POLICY, THE SOUTH WILL JUST RETURN TO
THE SAME POLITICAL POLICIES THAT LED TO
WAR
• THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MUST BE SURE
TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF NEWLY FREED
SLAVES, NOW KNOWN AS “FREEDMEN”
ALTERNATIVES TO “RADICAL”
RECONSTRUCTION
• FOCUS SHOULD NOT BE ON “PUNISHING” THE
SOUTH BUT HEALING THE NATION
• FEDERAL CONTROL OVER THE SOUTH IS IN
ESSENCE JUST A CONTINUATION OF THE WAR
• “RADICAL” RECONSTRUCTION IS JUST
MOTIVATED BY A HATRED OF SOUTHERNERS
A NATION STILL DIVIDED
• AS IF THE NATION WAS NOT DIVIDED OVER
SLAVERY, AFTER A WAR AND 618,000 DEAD
LATER, IT WAS EVEN MORE DIVIDED NOW
• HALF OF CONGRESS MADE UP OF “RADICAL”
REPUBLICANS PUSHED FOR A HARSH POLICY
TO PUNISH SOUTHERNERS AND ENSURE THAT
FREEDMEN WOULD HAVE TOTAL EQUALITY
WITH WHITES
THE OTHER SIDE
• DEMOCRATS AND MODERATE REPUBLICANS
FAVORED A MORE LENIENT POLICY
• THIS WOULD HAVE LITTLE FEDERAL INFLUENCE IN
THE PROCESS
• LINCOLN BELIEVED BEFORE HIS ASSASSINATION
THAT THE SOUTH HAD SUFFERED ENOUGH
• HE OFFERED A TOTAL PARDON TO ANY
CONFEDERATE THAT HAD NOT SERVED IN PUBLIC
OFFICE TO SWEAR LOYALTY TO THE UNION AND
THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
LINCOLN’S PLAN
• THE STATE WOULD BE RE-ADMITTED ONCE 10%
OF ITS POPULATION TOOK THE SAME OATH
• HE HAD NOT CONSIDERED HOW THE NEWLY
FREED SLAVES WOULD FIGURE INTO THE
EQUATION
• ANDREW JOHNSON WANTED TO FOLLOW
LINCOLN’S PLAN BUT WANTED TO PUNISH THE
SOUTH FOR HE HATED RICH PLANTATION
OWNERS, BEING A POOR FARMER HIMSELF
“RADICAL” REPUBLICANS & JOHNSON
• WITH JOHNSON’S HATRED OF WEALTHY
SOUTHERNERS THIS FACTION OF CONGRESS
FOUND A NEW BEST FRIEND IN JOHNSON
• REPUBLICAN SENATOR FROM OHIO (MS.
KNAPP’S LAND) BENJAMIN WADE DECLARED
“LINCOLN HAD TOO MUCH OF THE MILK OF
HUMAN KINDNESS TO DEAL WITH THESE
DAMN REBELS. NOW THEY WILL BE DEALT
WITH ACCORDING TO THEIR DESSERTS.
OH WHAT A TANGLED WEB WE WEAVE
WHEN FIRST WE PRACTICE TO DECEIVE
• JOHNSON TURNED THE TABLES ON HIS
BUDDIES WITH A VERY LENIENT POLICY
TOWARDS THE SOUTH
• HE PARDONED CONFEDERATE LEADERS ,
ALLOWED THEM TO KEEP THEIR LANDS AND
OFFICIAL POSTS
• HE ARGUED STATES SHOULD DECIDE WHAT TO
DO WITH THE FREEDMEN AND NOT THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
SAME OLD STORY
• IT WAS NOT CALLED SLAVERY, BUT IT MIGHT
AS WELL SHOULD HAVE BEEN
• “BLACK CODES” SUPPORTED BY JOHNSON,
SEVERLY LIMITED THE RIGHTS OF FREEDMEN
• THESE WERE DESIGNED TO ENSURE THAT
BLACKS WOULD NEVER ATTAIN THE STATUS OF
WHITES
• THEY COULD NOT OWN LAND OR VOTE
“RADICAL” RESPONSE
• THE RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867, DIVIDED
SOUTHERN STATES INTO DISTRICTS UNDER
UNION RULE AND REMOVED PARDONED
CONFEDERATES FROM POWER
• MODERATE REPUBLICANS BEGAN TO MOVE
TO RADICAL POSITIONS WHEN SOUTHERNERS
REFUSED TO ALLOW AA’S TO EXERCISE THEIR
RIGHTS
THE “FREEDMANS BUREAU”
• RADICAL REPUBLICANS ENACTED LINCOLN’S
PLAN AFTER HIS DEATH WHICH INCLUDED THE
FREEDMANS BUREAU
• THIS DIVISION WAS TO PROVIDE CLOTHING,
FOOD, MEDICINE, SHELTER, AND EDUCATION
TO BLACKS AND WAR REFUGEES
• THE DIVISION WAS ACTUALLY AN EXTENSION
OF THE UNION ARMY WHICH GAVE THE
IMPRESSION OF OCCUPATION
CONTINUED
• THIS COMPANY ALSO ASSUMED CONTROL OF
THE ALL THE CONFISCATED LANDS OF THE
CONFEDERACY, BORDER STATES, DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA, AND “INDIAN” TERRITORY
• THE BUREAU WAS THEN GIVEN THE JOB OF
PROTECTING AA’S FROM ANGRY, RESENTFUL
SOUTHERNERS
• THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL OF 1866 GAVE AA’S FULL
RIGHTS UNDER FEDERAL LAW (THE 14TH
ADMENDMENT)
RADICALS GAIN CONTROL
• MORE MODERATES WERE VOTED OUT AND
CONGRESS HAD FULL POWER TO OVERRIDE
JOHNSON VETOS OF THE 14TH ADM. AND THE
RECONSTRUCTION ACTS
• JOHNSON BECAME A LAME DUCK PRESIDENT
AND WAS NEARLY THE FIRST TO BE IMPEACHED
NOT ONCE BUT TWICE ESCAPING BY A SINGLE
VOTE
• HE NO LONGER STOOD IN THE WAY OF RECONS.
Reconstruction Goes On
• JOHNSON WAS OFFICIALLY OUT OF THE WAY BUT
NOW SENATORS BEGAN TO ARGUE AMONGST EACH
OTHER
• SENATOR SITGREAVES A DEMOCRATIC SENATOR
FROM NEW JERSEY DEBATED THAT FREEDMEN
WOULD RATHER HAVE A TAX ON COTTON
REMOVED THAN BE GIVEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.
• HE ALSO STATED THAT “WHITE MEN ALONE MUST
MANAGE THE SOUTH”
MORE PROBLEMS
• SOUTHERN WHITES IN OFFICE BEGAN TO CRY FOUL
THAT BLACKS IN GOVERNMENT WERE NOW BEING
CORRUPTED TO DO WHAT THEIR WHITE
NORTHERNERS TOLD THEM TO DO
• NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN OFFICIALS ALKE WERE
AS DIVIDED OVER THE “FREEDMEN” PROBLEM AS
YOUR AVERAGE SOUTHERN CITIZEN
WHAT’S GOING ON AT HOME IN NC?
• NC WAS UNDER THE SECOND MILITARY DISTRICT
UNDER MAJ.GEN. DANIEL SICKLES AND BRIG. GEN.
EDWARD CANBY UNTIL 1868
• AT THIS TIME ONLY 500 TROOPS WERE IN THE STATE
OF NC STATIONED AT RALEIGH
• THIS CONDITION ALLOWED THE KKK TO INFILTRATE
NC AND TERRORIZE THE FREEDMEN. 500 MEN
COULD NOT PATROL THE ENTIRE STATE.
ALONG THE COAST
• SEVERAL AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY UNITS
PULLED DUTY IN NC DURING RECONSTRUCTION.
• THE 37th U.S. COLORED TROOPS WERE STATIONED
AT VARIOUS POINTS ALONG THE COAST UNTIL FEB.
OF 1867.
• The 40th U.S. INFANTRY (COLORED) WERE IN NC
FROM MAR 1867 - MAR 1869.
• FORT MACON (ATL. BEACH) WAS USED AS A JAIL.
A NEW PRESIDENT
• CIVIL WAR HERO GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT
WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT REPLACING
JOHNSON (LAME DUCK)
• THIS SHOULD HAVE BEEN A TIME WHERE THE
FREEDMEN FINALLY GAINED AN EQUAL
FOOTING NATIONWIDE
• SOMEONE FORGOT TO TELL PRES. GRANT
GRANT’S LEGACY ON NC AND THE
NATION
• FREEDMEN ONLY ENJOYED ABOUT A TEN
YEAR WINDOWN WHERE THEY WERE ELECTED
STATE OFFICIALS FROM 1867-1877
• THANKS TO GRANT’S WEAK LEADERSHIP AND
WHAT MANY HISTORIANS CALLED THE MOST
CORRUPT FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EVER IN
HISTORY
SEVERAL PROMINENT AA LEADERS
• IN 1867, NC SENT 13 AA’S TO STATE
REPRESENTATIVES TO WASHINGTON
• IN 1870-1876 NC SENT A TOTAL OF 30
• U. S. CONGRESSMEN JOHN A. HYMAN, A
FORMER SLAVE, SERVED FROM 1875-1877. HE
ALSO SERVED IN THE NC STATE SENATE 18681874.
JOHN A. HYMAN
•
• John A. Hyman - U.S. Congressman,
1875-1877
WILLIAM HOLDEN
•
• Gov. William W. Holden
WILLIAM HOLDEN
• HOLDEN WAS ELECTED GOVERNOR ON THE
STRENGTH OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY NOT A
POPULAR CHOICE OF CIVIL WAR VETERANS WHO
WERE NOW LOCKED OUT OF GOVERNMENT AND
VOTING UNTIL NC IS ALLOWED BACK INTO THE
UNION
• NC DID THIS ON JULY 4TH 1868 BY RATIFYING THE
14TH AMENDMENT AND WERE ALLOWED BACK INTO
THE UNION
NC RATIFIES THE CIVIL RIGHTS
BILL
• In 1869, THE 15th AMENDMENT WAS PASSED
BY CONGRESS, PROHIBITING ANY STATE FROM
DENYING A CITIZEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE
BECAUSE OF RACE, COLOR, OR PREVIOUS
CONDITION OF SERVITUDE.
• NORTH CAROLINA RATIFIED THE 15th
AMENDMENT ON MARCH 5, 1869.
A Strange Twist on “Civil Rights”
• NOT JUST FREEDMEN BENEFITED FROM THE
CIVIL RIGHTS BILL
• FINALLY POOR WHITES, THOSE THAT COULD
NOT AFFORD SLAVES GOT A VOICE IN THE
NEW GOVERNMENT
• THEY COULD SIT ON JURIES ALONGSIDE
FREEDMEN
• MANY OF THEM JOINED THE REPUBLICAN
PARTY
SEEING THE FUTURE THROUGH THE
PAST
• FREEDMEN WERE FINALLY GAINING BASIC
“HUMAN” RIGHTS, THE RIGHTS TO MARRY
WHOMEVER THEY WANTED, CLAIM CHILDREN
THEY ENGENDERED AS THEIR OWN, AND THE
OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY
• WHITES AND BLACKS BEGAN TO SEE THE
CHALLENGES TO THE EXISTING SOCIAL ORDER
SEEING THE FUTURE THROUGH THE
PAST
• THIS BROUGHT A DIVIDE INTO ANOTHER
DIRECTION
• MANY WHITES BELIEVED THE SOCIAL ORDER
BASED ON RACE WAS NECESSARY AND
“NATURAL”
• WHITES BEGAN TO SEE FREEDMEN’S DESIRE
TO ESTABLISH EQUAL RIGHTS AS CONTRARY
TO THEIR GOALS
THE WOMEN ISSUE
• FREEDWOMEN NOW EXPERIENCED THE SAME
SEXISM PLACED ON WHITE WOMEN
• RIGHTS WERE BASED ON GENDER AND A
DEPENDENCY ON MEN
• WOMEN HOPED A NEW REPUBLICAN
MAJORITY WOULD BE RECEPTIVE TO THEIR
DESIRE FOR EQUAL RIGHTS
• NOPE!
MOVE TO VIOLENCE
• WOMEN WOULD WAIT ANOTHER 60 YEARS TO
ACHIEVE EQUALITY
• WHITES AND BLACKS BEGAN TO CLASH RESULTING IN
HORRIFIC VIOLENCE
• POOR WHITES AGAIN WOULD BECOME FOLLOWERS
INSTEAD OF LEADERS BASED ON A FEAR OF BEING
LABLED SYMPATHIZERS
• ONE WHO DEFIED THIS LABEL WAS JOHN A.
STEPHENS OF YANCEYVILLE, NC