Transcript Chapter 21 Notes - Spokane Public Schools

Chapter 21 Notes
Bull Run
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The South
They won the battle
BUT
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Inflated confidence
Soldiers deserted
Preparations slackened
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The Union
Lost the battle BUT
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Dispelled illusions for
short war
Northerners buckled
down
Eventually waged for
Emancipation
New York Irish Regiment celebrating Mass
Both armies experienced religious revivals during the war. This photograph shows
members of a largely Irish regiment from New York celebrating Mass at the
beginning of the war. Notice the presence of some female visitors in the left
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
foreground. (Library of Congress)
Peninsula Campaign /
Seven Days’ Battle
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A Northern failure
Although the South lost 20,000 men compared
to the North’s 10,000 men
If McClellan would have succeeded it would
have restored union as is [Slavery intact]
The loss actually ensures a war until slavery is
destroyed
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Can’t destroy the government without paying a
price
Lincoln drafts the Emancipation Proclamation
Six Components of the Northern
Military Plan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Slowly suffocate South by blockading its coasts
Liberate the slaves and undermine economic
foundations of the Old South
Cut Confederacy in ½ by seizing control of
Mississippi River backbone
Chop Confederacy in pieces by sending troops
through Georgia and the Carolinas
Decapitate by capturing capital at Richmond
Try everywhere to engage enemy's main strength
and to grind it into submission
War at Sea
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The blockade didn’t start out great but eventually
extended by degrees
Britain quick to comply since it was their chief
offensive weapon
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Didn’t want that coming back to slap them in the face in
later wars
Merrimack (wooden ship with iron sides vs. Monitor
(an actual iron ship)
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Fought to a standstill
Spells doom for the wooden warships globally
Lincoln at Sharpsburg, October 1862
Very much the commander-in-chief,
President Lincoln visited Union forces
on the battlefield on several occasions
and was deeply involved in every aspect
of the war's execution. Although his only
military experience before taking office
consisted of brief service in the Black
Hawk War, Lincoln's abilities as a
military strategist far exceeded that of
most of his generals. Here he stands
behind Union lines at Antietam with
Allan Pinkerton, the detective who
provided the Union army with
intelligence information, and General
John McClernand, who often
accompanied the president in his travels.
(Library of Congress)
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2nd Battle of Bull run
August 29-30 1862
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After victory Lee thrusts into Maryland
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Hoping to gain foreign intervention
Seducing Border States
Found Lee’s military plans
Antietam
September 17, 1962
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Most decisive Battle in Civil War (12 hrs)
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Bloodiest SINGLE day of the war
Stopped interference from Britain and France
Emancipation springboard
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Lincoln wouldn’t do it until they had a military
victory
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It would look like they were incapable of conquering
the South and that they needed slaves to murder their
masters to win.
Antietam
In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their
battery. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady
An exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady,
opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision
was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his
assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Antietam by James Hope
A painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second
Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under
Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of
furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland)
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Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew
Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the
war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When
Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited
in line to see them. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
This engraving celebrating the
Emancipation Proclamation first
appeared in 1863. While it places a
white Union soldier in the center, it also
portrays the important role of African
American troops and emphasizes the
importance of education and literacy.
(The Library Company of Philadelphia)
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The Emancipation Proclamation
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“The character of the war will be changed. It will be
one of subjugation…The [old] South is to be
destroyed and replaced by new propositions and
ideas.”
Declared slaves in those of the Confederate states
still in rebellion “forever free”
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Loyal border states were not affected nor specific
conquered areas in the South (total: 800,000)
The proclamation was “an act of justice” and calling
for the “considerate judgment of mankind and the
gracious favor of Almighty God.”
A stronger proclamation than emancipation
Consequences…
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Thousands of slaves flocked to the invading union
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Thus crippling already rundown plantations of their
workforce
Lincoln’s immediate goal was not only to liberate the
slaves but also to strengthen the moral cause of the
union at home and abroad.
Legally achieved by action of the individual states
and by their ratification of the 13th Amendment in
1865…8 months after the war had ended.
Changed the nature of the war because it effectively
removed any chance of a negotiated settlement.
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Both sides knew it would be a fight to the finish
Consequences…Continued
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Opposition mounted in the north
Many soldiers deserted
Crucial congressional elections in 1862 went heavily
against the administration
Caused outcry from the South
Aristocrats of Europe quick to point out only applies
to rebel slaveholders
Old World working class more determined to support
the North and oppose any intervention
The North has a stronger moral cause while the moral
position of the South was correspondingly diminished
Fredericksburg, Virginia
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A.E. Burnside launched
a rash frontal attack on
Lee’s strong position on
December 13, 1862
More than 10,000
Union soldiers were
killed or wounded in
“Burnside’s Slaughter
Pen.”
War dead, Fredericksburg
Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the
realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell
shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg,
Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using
their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that
veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Wounded at Fredericksburg
In this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many
women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges.
Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who
were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their
wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chancellorsville, Virginia
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“Fighting Joe” Hooker
takes command
Lee sends “Stonewall”
Jackson to attack the
Union flank
Victory probably Lee’s
most brilliant
But at a cost
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Stonewall killed by own
men by accident
Lee loses “right hand
man”
First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker
During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into
Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the
one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the
fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President
Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's
force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow
of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York)
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Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
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Pennsylvania ~ 170,000 union men in combat with lee’s 76,000 men
Lee sees it as another chance to win over influence from Europe
The bloodiest battle of the war
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23,000 Union Soldiers
28,000 Confederate soldiers
On July 3 at 3:00 P.M., Confederate general George Pickett led his
disastrous charge on Cemetery Ridge.
The attack failed and Lee retreated into Virginia.
General Meade, recognizing that his men were exhausted, refused to
follow Lee's troops, and the Civil War continued for two more long
and bloody years.
Meade was criticized as overcautious for failing to pursue Lee, but
military historians tend to exonerate him.
Consequences…
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Broke the heart of the Confederate cause
Lincoln refused to let the peace delegation
through the lines
From now on the Southern cause was doomed
In November 1863 Lincoln returned to
dedicate the cemetery giving his Gettysburg
Address
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
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"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought
forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in
Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal." He concluded, "government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth."
"The world will little note, nor long remember, what
we say here, but can never forget what they did here."
Lincoln's ten sentences are the most famous speech in
American history and, it has been argued, recast the
principles of American government.
A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
(Library of Congress)
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Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over
25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the
camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in
northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)
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Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg
battlefield. (Library of Congress)
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