Transcript The Civil War and Reconstruction, 1860-1877

Do Now
“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow country-men, and not in
mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government
will not attack you. You can have no conflict without being
yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in
heaven to destroy the Government, while I have the most
solemn one to “preserve, protect, and defend it.”
– Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.
1. Who is Lincoln talking to (who are the “dissatisfied fellow
country-men”)?
2. In the quote, what does Lincoln say is his duty?
3. Do you think Lincoln favors a stronger federal government
or more states’ rights? Answer using evidence from the quote.
The Civil War
1861-1865
The Civil War 1861-1862
1861—Lincoln becomes
president
Primary goal to preserve
the Union
– April 15S.C. attacks Fort
Sumter
– Lincoln calls for 75,000
troops to end rebellion
– This is the beginning of the
Civil War
Civil War 1861-1862
Lincoln suspends the writ of
habeas corpus (allows him to
arrest traitors without cause)
to keep Maryland in the
Union
Why can he do this?
“The privilege of the Writ of
Habeas Corpus shall not be
suspended, unless when in
Cases of Rebellion or
Invasion the public Safety
may require it.” – Article I,
Section 9 of US Constitution
Civil War 1861-1862
11 Southern states form the Confederate States
of America (the Confederacy)
Civil War 1861-1862
The South won most of the war’s
early battles
They were trying to get foreign
help (either Great Britain or
France)
The war was unpopular in the
North
September 1862 Battle of
Antietam
– Enables Lincoln to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
Frees all slaves in the southern
states (places still in rebellion)not
all slaves, not any slaves in
northern/border states
Abolitionists are unhappy, but the
real reason for the proclamation is to
give purpose to the war
The war is now also about
“If I could save the Union
abolition—ending slavery as the
without freeing any slave
North conquers the South
I would do it, and if I
G.B. and France now will not help
could save it by freeing
all the slaves I would do
the South fight against a nation
it; and if I could save it
committed to abolition
by freeing some and
The Emancipation Proclamation is
leaving others alone I
an important turning point of the Civil
would also do that.”
War
Excerpt of the Emancipation Proclamation:
"That on the first day of January, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all
persons held as slaves within any State or
designated part of a State, in which the people are in
rebellion against the United States, shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive
Government of the United States will recognize and
maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no
act or acts to stop such persons, or any of them, in
any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”
1. How does Lincoln use the abolition of slavery as a war measure to
win the war?
2. Do you think the war was now more about preserving the Union, or
more about ending slavery?
Civil War 1863
Two battles change the course of
the war
1. Vicksburg (Mississippi)
– North captures town, entire
Miss. R., splits the Confederacy
into two
2. Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
– North stops a 2nd invasion by
the South
– 50,000 casualties total
In November 1863, Lincoln
issues the Gettysburg Address
--It defines the purpose of the
Civil War
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a
new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great
battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final
resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is
altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not
hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget
what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It
is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that
from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave
the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall
not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of
freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall
not perish from the earth.
Civil War 1864-1865
The Union promoted Ulysses Grant to
the head of the Army – he is willing to
accept many casualties to win
(100,000s die in the last year of the
war)
Grant and Lee (head of Southern
army) deadlock in Virginia
Sherman (North) leads Union across
the South
– Captures Atlanta, which leads to
Lincoln’s re-election in 1864
– Sherman destroys Georgia and
South Carolina (“March to the
Sea”)
Ulysses Grant
William Sherman
Civil War 1864-1865
By April 1865, the Northern
Army has worn out the
Southern Army
April 9, 1865 the South
surrenders to end the war
April 15 Lincoln is
assassinated by John Wilkes
Booth
– VP Andrew Johnson
becomes the new President
John Wilkes Booth
Johnson was the only
Southern senator to stay loyal
to the Union
Andrew Johnson
Impact of the Civil War
4 million slaves are freed
600,000 dead
The United States stays together
The federal government establishes its
supremacy over the states
Sparks industrialization in the North
“All persons born or naturalized in the United
States…, are citizens of the United States and of the
state wherein they reside. No state shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge (limit) the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.”
1. This quote is from which of the previous amendments?
2. Can you think of any other groups who have benefitted
from this amendment in recent U.S. history?
3. How might this amendment benefit regular citizens?
Reconstruction 1865-1877
What was
Reconstruction?
1865 to 1877 when
the United States
attempted to rebuild
the southern states
Former slaves
(freedmen) were
given rights that they
previously did not
have
Different Views on Reconstruction
Lincoln &
Johnson wanted
to reunite the
country
peacefully and
not punish the
South
Congress
(Radical
Republicans)
wanted to punish
the South
Impeachment of Johnson
Congress impeached
President Johnson
because they disagreed
over Reconstruction.
He was acquitted (found
not guilty) by one vote in
the Senate trial
Andrew Johnson (1868)
and Bill Clinton (1998)
are the only 2 presidents
to be impeached.
Neither was removed
from office.
Reconstruction Amendments
The 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments were
intended to protect the
rights of the freed slaves
13th Amendment (1865)
Abolished slavery
15th Amendment (1870)
Right to vote for all men
regardless of race
14th Amendment (1868)
Guarantees 3 things:
Citizenship for former
slaves (overturns Dred
Scott case)
Due process for all
citizens
Equal protection of the
law
Do Now
1. What were the major goals of
Reconstruction?
2. What were the different views on
Reconstruction?
3. How was Andrew Johnson’s
impeachment related to the different views
on Reconstruction?
Radical Reconstruction
Lasts from 1868-1877
Congress controls the
direction of
Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of
1867
Military rule in the south
Protects Freedmen’s
rights
States had to ratify the 14th
amendment to rejoin the
Union
Freedmen voted mainly for
the Republican Party
(Party of Lincoln)
Attempts to Limit Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers
(northerners who
came South to benefit
from Reconstruction)
and
Scalawags
(southerners who
aided the Republicans)
were hated by most
white Southerners
Sharecropping
Many freedmen became
sharecroppers
Sharecropping
farmers rented land in
exchange for a % of
their crop
Many freedmen were
forced into permanent
poverty since they could
not pay off their debts
Attempts to Limit Reconstruction
The Black Codes were
passed by all the
southern states
The Ku Klux Klan was
formed to intimidate
blacks in the South
They often limited what
jobs freedmen could do,
and they limited the rights
of freedmen
These would eventually
lead to the Jim Crow
(segregation) laws
passed in the South
Their main goal was to
limit voting by blacks,
who supported the
Republican Party
End of Reconstruction
By the mid-1870s, the
country was tired of
Reconstruction
Several states had a
disputed electoral vote
count
White supremacists
eventually took over all
the Southern states
The Democrats and
Republicans
compromised to decide
the election
The main issue of the
1876 election was
Reconstruction—should it
continue or end?
The Compromise of
1877 Hayes
(Republican) became
president, and he
supported the end of
Reconstruction
Results of Reconstruction
Do you think that the United States succeeded
in accomplishing its goals during
Reconstruction? Why or why not?
Address all goals of Reconstruction:
1. Reunite the country
2. Rebuild the Southern economy
3. Protect the rights of African-Americans
Jim Crow Laws
The southern states were taken over by white
Democrats by the end of Reconstruction
They began to create a system of Segregation
– Policy of separate facilities for whites and blacks
– Separate schools, railroad cars, bathrooms,
restaurants, etc
Jim Crow Laws
The southern states
established several ways
to exclude AfricanAmericans from voting
Grandfather Clause
Excluded from voting if
your grandfather could
not vote in 1867
Poll Tax
a tax in order to vote
Was usually a few
dollars, but was often
more than AfricanAmericans could afford
Literacy Test
This often disqualified
African-Americans from
voting because many
were illiterate
Impact of Segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896)
The Supreme Court
rules that “separate but
equal” segregation is
legal
Separate facilities for
whites and blacks
Impact of Segregation
“Solid South” –
Democratic party ruled
until 1960s
Most African-Americans
could not vote until
1960s
Legalized discrimination
in the South for nearly
100 years