Transcript Slide 1

EUGENIA LANGAN
MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL
HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
NARROW (THIS LESSON):
 HOW AND WHY DID THE UNION WIN THE CIVIL WAR?
 WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR,
INCLUDING ON THE POWER OF THEN FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT AND WHICH BRANCH WAS ON TOP
BROAD: WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF U.S.
NATIONALISM AND EXCEPTIONALISM?
 HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME A “SUPERPOWER”?
THE HOME FRONTS AS OF 1863
THE SOUTH (CSA)
 ECONOMIC DEVASTATION:
 CONFEDERACY HAD DIFFICULTY PAYING FOR WAR –
BLOCKADE  ALMOST NO COTTON EXPORTS = ALMOST NO
REVENUE; ALMOST NO IMPORTS = NO TARIFFS, AND SCARCITY
 INITIALLY, CONFEDERATES GOT WEAPONS AND MATERIEL
FROM FEDERAL ARSENALS IN SOUTH – BUT WITH ALMOST NO
FACTORIES, IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE NEW WEAPONS
AND MATERIEL
 SOUTH ISSUED BONDS (DEBT) AND PAPER CURRENCY. BUT
SOUTH HAD FEW ASSETS TO BACK THAT PAPER CURRENCY!
 PAPER CURRENCY + SCARCITY  INFLATION
INFLATION OF PRICES OF BASIC HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES, 1860-63
 NOTE – THIS IS BEFORE SOUTH WAS INVADED BY NORTH. BY THE
END OF THE WAR THE INFLATION RATE IN THE SOUTH WAS ≈ 9000%
 THE FOOD SHORTAGES ALSO AFFECTED THE CONFEDERATE
ARMY  THEY WOULD RAID FARMS, TAKE CROPS AND LIVESTOCK,
MAKING THE SITUATION EVEN WORSE FOR CIVILIANS
 RECALL ALSO THAT SOUTH HAD MUCH SMALLER WHITE
POPULATION AND MUCH HIGHER MORTALITY RATE IN WAR THAN
NORTH -- SO SOUTH WAS RUNNING SHORT NOT ONLY OF
WEAPONS AND MATERIEL, BUT ALSO, TROOPS
 SOUTH, POLITICAL PROBLEMS:
 JEFFERSON DAVIS WAS A POOR POLITICIAN, DIDN’T TRY TO RALLY
PUBLIC SUPPORT
 EXAMPLE: RICHMOND BREAD RIOT 1863 – WOMAN RIOTED
DEMANDING BREAD – DAVIS THREW THE MONEY IN HIS POCKET AT
THEM AND THEN THREATENED TO SET THE ARMY ON THEM
NEWSPAPER
ILLUSTRATION OF THE
RICHMOND BREAD RIOT
STATES RIGHTS SINK THE SOUTH: THE CONFEDERACY HAD A
LOT OF THE SAME PROBLEMS THE U.S. DID UNDER THE
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION!
 SOME GOVERNORS (RELYING ON STATES’ RIGHTS!) REFUSING
TO SEND MILITIAS TO FIGHT IN CONFEDERATE ARMY.
 SOUTH INSTITUTED MILITARY DRAFT IN 1862 , BUT
EXEMPTED CIVIL SERVANTS  SOME GOVERNORS RESPONDED
BY PUTTING ALL MEN OF PROPERTY ON CIVIL SERVICE ROLLS
 EFFORTS TO COLLECT TAXES (EXAMPLE, 10% TAX ON FARM
PRODUCTS) ALSO THWARTED BY “STATE’S RIGHTS” -- IT’S
ESTIMATED THAT ONLY 1% OF THE TAX WAS EVER COLLECTED
 EVEN BEFORE THE TIDE OF THE WAR TURNED, THE SOUTH
WAS IN TROUBLE!
THE NORTH (UNION)

 ECONOMICS: BOOM!
 MORRILL PROTECTIVE TARIFF, 1861 & RATES INCREASED
ANNUALLY (BOTH TO RAISE REVENUE AND PROTECT INDUSTRIES)
 GREAT INCREASES IN FACTORIES
 WAR IS VERY GOOD FOR BUSINESS IF A GOVERNMENT CAN
PAY FOR IT – CREATES MARKETS FOR UNIFORMS, FOODSTUFFS,
WEAPONS, MATERIEL ETC. FOR TROOPS
 THE UNION COULD AFFORD TO PAY FOR THE WAR:
 RAISED OVER $2.6 BILLION IN BONDS (SOUTH, IN CONTRAST,
RAISED ONLY $499 MILLION)
 WAR INDUSTRIES  FIRST MILLIONAIRES IN U.S.
 NOT ALL HONEST – MANY CASES OF COMPANIES SELLING
SUBSTANDARD GOODS (E.G. SHOES WITH CARDBOARD SOLES) TO
MILITARY FOR TOP DOLLAR
 NORTH WAS ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATIONS TO PRODUCE MORE (AND FREE MORE MEN TO BE
SOLDIERS)
 SEWING MACHINES (ELIAS HOWE & ISAAC SINGER) – WIDE USE IN
NORTH DURING WAR
 MCCORMICK MECHANICAL REAPER (INVENTED © 1831) –
ALLOWED MECHANICAL GRAIN (CORN & WHEAT) HARVEST – OVER
250,000 IN USE IN NORTH DURING WAR
MCCORMICK REAPER
 MECHANICAL REAPER + MORE GRAIN LAND UNDER
CULTIVATION ON GREAT PLAINS  MORE THAN ENOUGH FOOD
IN NORTH FOR MILITARY AND CIVILIANS
 GRAIN EXPORTS TO BRITAIN AND EUROPE SUPPLANTED “KING
COTTON,” BROUGHT IN $$$$$$
 INCOME TAX – IMPOSED BY ANNUAL REVENUE ACT BEGINNING
1861 (5% HIGHEST RATE) – UNCONSTITUTIONAL (BUT SUPREME
COURT DIDN’T GET AROUND TO OVERTURNING IT UNTIL 1895)
 LEGAL TENDER ACT (1862) – AUTHORIZED PAPER CURRENCY 
“GREENBACKS” BACKED ONLY BY CREDIT OF U.S. (NOT SPECIE) – BUT
U.S. HAD GOOD CREDIT, UNLIKE THE SOUTH
NATIONAL BANK ACT (1862) – CREATED NATIONAL BANK SYSTEM - STANDARDIZED CURRENCY
 WAR SPENDING + PAPER CURRENCY IS INFLATIONARY (HARD ON
WAGE-EARNERS) – INFLATION IN NORTH DURING WAR ROSE TO ≈
80% (AS COMPARED TO SOUTH 9000%)
 ALL IN ALL, GOOD ECONOMY IN NORTH (SEE TABLES ON
FOLLOWING SLIDES)
TAX REVENUE, FEDERAL DEBT, UP
AND UP  GOVERNMENT SPENDING
UP AND UP  ECONOMY (GDP) UP
AND UP! (AND SO IT USUALLY GOES
DESPITE WHAT SOME POLITICIANS
CLAIM NOW!)
 OTHER MAJOR FEDERAL LAWS, 1861-63 (IN ADDITION TO THE
TAX, CURRENCY AND BANKING LAWS NOTED ABOVE)
 HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1861 – FREE LAND! ALLOWED PEOPLE TO
CLAIM 160-ACRE “HOMESTEADS” ON UNDEVELOPED WESTERN
LAND (SOUTH HAD BLOCKED THIS EARLIER BECAUSE IT WOULD
LEAD TO MORE FREE STATES)
 MORRILL LAND GRANT ACT OF 1862 – GRANTED STATES
FEDERAL LAND TO BUILD UNIVERSITIES ON (MOST ORIGINAL
STATE UNIVERSITIES COLLEGES ARE LAND-GRANT U’S, INCLUDING
U OF FLORIDA) (JOHN Q. ADAMS MUST HAVE SMILED FROM
HEAVEN!)
 PACIFIC RAILWAY ACT – GRANTED FEDERAL LAND (“RIGHT-OFWAY”) TO UNION PACIFIC RR. AND CENTRAL PACIFIC RR. TO
BUILD TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
JUSTIN MORRILL, R., VT. –
HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES 18531866, SENATE 1867 – 1898
HIS TARIFF WAS A CAUSE
OF THE CIVIL WAR
HIS LAND-GRANT BILL LED
TO CREATION OF PUBLIC
UNIVERSITIES IN THE U.S.
 POLITICS IN THE NORTH
 “KING ABRAHAM” – LINCOLN INTERPRETED HIS WARTIME
POWERS AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF VERY BROADLY AND CIVIL
LIBERTIES VERY NARROWLY (HE SAID IT WAS A “TEMPORARY”
NECESSITY). AMONG OTHER THINGS HE UNILATERALLY
(WITHOUT PRIOR LEGISLATION FROM CONGRESS):
 IMPOSED THE ATLANTIC BLOCKADE
 FUNDED THE ARMY (UNCONSTITITIONAL, ONLY CONGRESS
CAN APPROPRIATE FUNDS)
 INCREASE SIZE OF ARMY (UNCONSTITUTIONAL, ONLY
CONGRESS CAN DO THAT
(HOWEVER CONGRESS SUBSEQUENTLY RATIFIED ALL OF THESE
PRESIDENTIAL ACTS)
 REPEALED THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS – FIRST BY EXECUTIVE
ORDER IN 1861, AND FIRST IN THE BORDER STATES, LINCOLN
PROCLAIMED THAT PEOPLE OPPOSING THE WAR (“COPPERHEADS”)
WOULD BE ARRESTED, HELD IN MILITARY PRISONS, TRIED IN
MILITARY COURT WITH NO ACCESS TO CIVILIAN COURTS
 N.B. THIS IS ESSENTIALLY WHAT THE CURRENT MILITARY
COMMISSIONS ACT OF 2006 PROVIDED FOR THE DETAINEES AT
GUANTANAMO – NO ACCESS TO CIVILIAN COURTS UNTIL AFTER THEY
ARE TRIED AND CONVICTED IN MILITARY TRIBUNALS – AND THE U.S.
WILL NOT CHARGE MOST OF THEM SO THEY WON’T EVER HAVE
TRIALS
 NOTE THEME HERE, THE TENSION DURING WARTIME BETWEEN
NATIONAL SECURITY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES. WE SAW IT FIRST WITH
JOHN ADAMS, DURING THE QUASI-WAR WITH FRANCE USING THE
SEDITION ACT TO INTIMIDATE, IMPRISON OPPONENTS OF THE WAR
 EX PARTE MERRYMAN (1861) – NOT A SUPREME COURT
CASE BUT THE OPINION IS BY CHIEF JUSTICE ROGER TANEY (A
DEMOCRAT – AUTHOR OF DRED SCOTT DECISION) SITTING AS
CIRCUIT JUDGE: HELD ONLY CONGRESS HAS THE POWER TO
SUSPEND THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS, SO LINCOLN COULD
NOT DO IT BY EXECUTIVE ORDER
 LINCOLN IGNORED TANEY’S ORDER (EVEN CONSIDERED
HAVING TANEY ARRESTED!) -- CONTINUED TO HAVE
COPPERHEADS IN THE BORDER STATES ARRESTED AND PUT
INTO MILITARY PRISONS
 EX PARTE MILLIGAN (1866) – CHIEF JUSTICE SALMON P. CHASE
A. BACKGROUND: HABEAS CORPUS ACT OF 1863  TRIALS OF
CIVILIANS IN MILITARY COURTS
B. FACTS: MILLIGAN, A CIVILIAN RESIDENT OF INDIANA, WAS
TRIED AND CONVICTED IN A MILITARY COURT OF CONSPIRING TO
RELEASE CONFEDERATE POWS.
C. ISSUES: 1. DOES THE CONSTITUTION APPLY DURING WARTIME?
2. CAN CIVILIANS BE TRIED IN MILITARY COURTS?
3. WHEN CAN CONGRESS SUSPEND THE WRIT OF HABEAS
CORPUS?
D. HOLDING:
1. THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS MUST OBEY THE
CONSTITUTION EVEN DURING WAR: IT IS “A LAW FOR RULERS AND
PEOPLE, EQUALLY IN TIME OF WAR AND PEACE.”
2. THE CONSITITUTION SAYS HABEAS CAN BE REVOKED ONLY IT
"THE PUBLIC SAFETY" REQUIRES IT.
3. IF REGULAR CIVILAN COURTS REMAIN OPEN DURING A WAR,
CIVILIANS WHO ARE U.S. CITIZENS CANNOT BE TRIED IN MILITARY
COURTS (VIOLATES CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO GRAND JURY, JURY
TRIAL)
 SUPREME COURT HAS SINCE MADE IT CLEAR THAT THIS MEANS
CONGRESS CANNOT REVOKE OR SUSPEND HABEAS CORPUS FOR
U.S. CITIZENS IF CIVILIAN COURTS ARE OPEN– UNCLEAR IF IT
APPLIES TO NON-CITIZENS IN THE U.S.Read more:
E. LEGAL/HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: IN EVERY MAJOR WAR
PRESIDENTS WILL FLOUT THE CONSTITUTION. IN MANY CASES
SUPREME COURT WILL RELY ON MILLIGAN TO INVALIDATE
UNCONSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENTIAL ACTIONS
 "THE LOYAL OPPOSITION"
 DEMOCRATIC OPPOSITION TO THE WAR SPREAD (BEYOND
PRO-SOUTH COPPERHEADS) AFTER THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION (NEXT SERIES OF SLIDES)
 EVEN THOUGH LINCOLN TRIED TO NEUTRALIZE HIS
OPPONENTS WITHIN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY (E.G., SEWARD
AND STANTON) BY APPOINTING THEM TO HIS CABINET, THERE
WERE STILL “RADICAL” REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS WHO
OPPOSED HIS UNCONSTITUTIONAL ACTIONS, WERE MORE
PRO-ABOLITION, WANTED MORE “AGGRESSIVE” WAR 
CONGRESSIONAL JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE CONDUCT OF
THE WAR, FORMED 1861 TO “OVERSEE” WAR – THORN IN
LINCOLN’S SIDE, WILL FORM CORE OF RADICAL REPUBLICANS
DURING RECONSTRUCTION
THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION – “BILL OF
LADING” OR BIG DEAL?
 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, JANUARY 1, 1863: NOT CLEAR
WHETHER IT DIRECTLY FREED ANY SLAVES, BUT IT DEFINITELY
PAVED THE WAY FOR END OF SLAVERY
 LINCOLN ANNOUNCED IN SEPTEMBER, 1862 THAT HE WOULD
ISSUE THE PROCLAMATION
 HE SAID IT WAS “A MILITARY NECESSITY” -- TO UNDERMINE THE
SOUTH – AND RELIED ON HIS POWERS AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF
TO ISSUE IT
 HE MADE IT CLEAR IN HIS SEPTEMBER PROCLAMATION THAT
EMANCIPATION WOULD APPLY ONLY IN STATES THAT DID NOT
REJOIN UNION BY 1/1/63 – ANY THAT REJOINED COULD CONTINUE
SLAVERY:
“THAT ON THE FIRST DAY OF JANUARY IN THE YEAR
OF OUR LORD, ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED
AND SIXTY-THREE, ALL PERSONS HELD AS SLAVES
WITHIN ANY STATE, OR DESIGNATED PART OF A
STATE, THE PEOPLE WHEREOF SHALL THEN BE IN
REBELLION AGAINST THE UNITED STATES SHALL BE
THEN, THENCEFORWARD, AND FOREVER FREE.”
 NEEDLESS TO SAY, THIS DID NOT PERSUADE ANY OF THE
CONFEDERATE STATES TO RETURN TO THE UNION (AMONG
OTHER THINGS, ALL THEIR POLITICAL LEADERS AND MILITARY
OFFICERS WOULD BE GUILTY OF TREASON AGAINST THE U.S.)
 THUS, THE FINAL PROCLAMATION ON JANUARY 1, 1863 APPLIED
ONLY TO
“ARKANSAS, TEXAS, LOUISIANA (EXCEPT [13 SPECIFIED PARISHES]
INCLUDING THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS) MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA,
FLORIDA, GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA, NORTH CAROLINA, AND
VIRGINIA (EXCEPT THE FORTY-EIGHT COUNTIES DESIGNATED AS
WEST VIRGINIA, AND ALSO [5 SPECIFIED COUNTIES] INCLUDING THE
CITIES OF NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH)”
AND STRESSED THAT THE “EXCEPTED PARTS, ARE FOR THE PRESENT,
LEFT PRECISELY AS IF THIS PROCLAMATION WERE NOT ISSUED.”
 IT APPLIED ONLY TO CONFEDERATE AREAS THE U.S. DID NOT
CONTROL
 ALSO DIDN’T APPLY TO NEARLY 800,000 SLAVES IN BORDER
STATES
SLAVERY WAS ALSO LEFT INTACT IN AREAS OF VIRGINIA AND LOUISIANA
CIRCLED ABOVE
 EFFECTS OF EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION:
 THERE ARE SOME CLAIMS IT LED TO IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION
OF SOME SLAVES IN BORDER STATES, EVEN SOME IN CSA
 CERTAIN EFFECT: BRITAIN WOULD NOT AID THE SOUTH –
WOULDN’T FIGHT FOR SLAVERY:
o EXAMPLE: THE CASE OF THE LAIRD RAMS – IN 1863 THE LAIRD
SHIPYARD CONTRACTED TO BUILD TWO POWERFUL IRONCLAD
BATTLESHIPS FOR THE C.S.A. U.S. MINISTER TO BRITAIN CHARLES
FRANCIS ADAMS PROTESTED U.S. WOULD SEE IT AS “AN ACT OF
WAR”  BRITISH GOVERNMENT BLOCKED THE SALE (BOUGHT THE
RAMS FOR THE ROYAL NAVY). RECALL THAT PREVIOUSLY BRITAIN
ALLOWED LAIRD TO SELL “COMMERCE-RUNNERS” TO
CONFEDERACY – ALABAMA EVEN HAD BRITISH CREW
CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS I,
SON OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS,
GRANDSON OF JOHN ADAMS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
(R., MASS.) 1859 – 1861
MINISTER TO GREAT BRITAIN,
1861 - 1868
 THE PROCLAMATION LED TO UNION FORCES ROUTINELY
FREEING SLAVES IN AREAS THEY CONQUERED (BEFORE, FEDERAL
TROOPS SOMETIMES ASSISTED IN RETURN OF ESCAPED SLAVES
TO OWNERS!]
 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION EXPRESSLY AUTHORIZED
ENLISTMENT OF FREED SLAVES IN U.S. ARMY – THIS, PLUS
DEPRIVING SOUTH OF SLAVE LABOR, WAS THE MILITARY GOAL
OF THE PROCLAMATION
RECRUITING POSTER
THE FAMOUS 54TH MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT
FIRST REGIMENT OF FREED SLAVES IN U.S. ARMY – OF COURSE THEIR
COMMANDER AND ALL COMMISSIONER OFFICERS WERE WHITE
AND OF COURSE, DESPITE
PROMISE OF $13/MONTH
PAY (SAME AS WHITE
SOLDIERS) THEY WERE PAID
ONLY $7/MONTH
YELLOW DOTS = BATTLES WHERE AFRICAN-AMERICAN
REGIMENTS FOUGHT
LITHOGRAPH DEPICT BLACK UNION TROOPS FREEING SLAVES.
N.B. THAT FREED SLAVES IN NORTH WHO RETURNED SOUTH TO FIGHT
RISKED RE-CAPTURE AND EXECUTION AS “REBELLING SLAVES”
 MAIN EFFECT OF EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
= LINCOLN CHANGED THE NORTH’S WAR GOAL –
 NOW THE GOAL WAS TO END SLAVERY!
 HE KNEW THAT NOW, IF NORTH WON, IT WOULD HAVE TO
ABOLISH SLAVERY (AND IT DID – 13TH AMENDMENT, RATIFIED 1865)
 SO WAS HOFSTADTER RIGHT? WAS THE PROCLAMATION REALLY
JUST A "BILL OF LADING"?
 ARE PEOPLE RIGHT WHEN THEY SAY LINCOLN FREED THE SLAVES?
 FINALLY, RACIST AS HE WAS, WHAT WAS LINCOLN'S TRUE
POSITION ON SLAVERY?

HOW POPULAR WAS THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION IN THE NORTH?
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION WAS NOT VERY POPULAR IN THE
NORTH!
 NOT VERY!
SOME DEMOCRATS REFERRED TO LINCOLN AS “APE,” WAR AS
“NIGGER WAR”
SOME DEMOCRATS REFERRED TO LINCOLN
AS “APE,” WAR AS “NIGGER WAR”

SOUTHERN VIEW OF EMANCIPATION: “LINCOLN WRITING THE
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION” (SEE NOTES)
FROM A RICHMOND NEWSPAPER – LINCOLN ISSUES
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
ONE NORTHERN VIEW OF EMANCIPATION – THOMAS NAST, “THE EMANCIPATION OF THE
NEGRO, THE PAST AND THE FUTURE” HARPERS, JANUARY 1863
DEMOCRATIC RHYME:
“HONEST OLD ABE WHEN THE WAR FIRST BEGAN
DENIED ABOLITION WAS PART OF HIS PLAN.
HONEST OLD ABE HAS SINCE MADE A DECREE,
THE WAR MUST GO ON TILL THE SLAVES ARE ALL FREE.
AS BOTH CAN’T BE HONEST, WILL SOME ONE TELL HOW,
IF HONEST ABE THEN, HE IS HONEST ABE NOW?”
FROM THE CINCINNATI, OHIO ENQUIRER:
“THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS, IF NOT MILLIONS OF SLAVES
THE [PROCLAMATION] WILL EMANCIPATE WILL COME NORTH AND
WEST AND WILL EITHER BE COMPETITORS WITH OUR WHITE
MECHANICS AND LABORERS, DEGRADING THEM BY
COMPETITION, OR THEY WILL HAVE TO BE SUPPORTED AS
PAUPERS AND CRIMINALS AT PUBLIC EXPENSE.”
 MARCH 1863 – TWO MORE MAJOR ACTS OF CONGRESS
 HABEAS CORPUS ACT: CONGRESS SUSPENDED WRIT OF
HABEAS CORPUS AND PROVIDED THAT “TRAITORS” BE TRIED IN
MILITARY COURTS (SO NOW THAT APPLIED THROUGHOUT UNION,
NOT JUST BORDER STATES) 
 MAY, 1863 -- AFTER DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSMAN CLEMENT
(OHIO) VALLANDINGHAM GAVE A SPEECH IN DAYTON
DENOUNCING “KING LINCOLN,” THE ARMY ARRESTED HIM,
CONVICTED HIM IN A MILITARY COURT OF “UTTERING DISLOYAL
SENTIMENTS, AND SENTENCED HIM TO TWO YEARS IN MILITARY
• ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND JOHN ADAMS
PRISON
MUST HAVE SMILED FROM HEAVEN (OR
HELL)!
 LINCOLN HAD VALLANDINGHAM RELEASED
TO CONFEDERACY (DIDN’T WANT TO MAKE
HIM A MARTYR) – V. WON DEMOCRATIC
NOMINATION FOR OHIO GOVERNOR IN 1864!
 CONSCRIPTION ACT OF 1863 – DRAFT!
 MEN AGED 18 – 45 SUBJECT TO DRAFT (THERE WERE PERSTATE QUOTAS) -- BUT
 MEN WHO OWNED PROPERTY WERE EXEMPT
 A MAN COULD PAY $300 AND BE EXEMPTED
 A MAN COULD HIRE A SUBSTITUTE TO GO IN HIS PLACE 
 THE BURDEN FELL ON POOR, INCLUDING IMMIGRANTS – THE
VERY CLASS MOST CONCERNED THAT FREED SLAVES WOULD
BECOME LABOR-MARKET COMPETITORS 
 NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS, JULY 13-16, 1863
POOR PEOPLE (MOSTLY IRISH IMMIGRANTS BATTLED POLICE,
THEN ARMY FOR 4 DAYS – AT LEAST 120 KILLED, THOUSANDS
WOUNDED
IT TURNED INTO A POGROM AGAINST BLACKS – SEVERAL WERE
LYNCHED, AN ORPHANAGE FOR BLACK CHILDREN WAS BURNED
 “OPEN LETTER” FROM ABRAHAM LINCOLN, AUGUST 1863:
“YOU SAY YOU WILL NOT FIGHT TO FREE NEGROES. SOME OF
THEM SEEM WILLING TO FIGHT FOR YOU, BUT NO MATTER.
FIGHT, THEN, EXCLUSIVELY TO SAVE THE UNION. I ISSUED THE
PROCLAMATION ON PURPOSE TO AID YOU IN SAVING THE
UNION.”
 IN FACT, NOT MANY ON EITHER SIDE WERE EAGER TO
SERVE AND FIGHT BY 1863!
 WOMEN AND THE WAR – WOMEN GAINED
PROFESSIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SKILL THAT WILL BE
PUT TO USE IN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT
 AT HOME: MORE WOMEN ENTERED WORKFORCE TO
REPLACE MEN:
 INDUSTRY – BEFORE WAR, 25% OF INDUSTRIAL WORK
FORCE WAS FEMALE. DURING WAR, NEARLY 35% WAS
FEMALE
 GOVERNMENT – ABOUT 500 WOMEN CLERKS “GOVERNMENT GIRLS” -- WORKED IN GOVERNMENT
OFFICES IN D.C.
WOMEN WORKERS AT THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT
 ON THE FRONT
 ABOUT 400 WOMEN (ON BOTH SIDES) POSED AS MEN AND
FOUGHT IN WAR - EXAMPLE BELOW, FRANCES CLAYTON,
SERVED IN THE MISSOURI ARTILLERY REGIMENT
 WOMEN NURSES: CLARA BARTON, U.S. ARMY
SUPERINTENDENT OF NURSING, AND CSA CAPTAIN SALLY
THOMPKINS ORGANIZED WOMEN WAR NURSING CORPS
THEIR WORK NOT ONLY HELPED TURN NURSING INTO A
PROFESSION, BUT ALSO AN ACCEPTABLE ONE FOR WOMEN
 BOTH ON THE FRONT AND AT HOME: U.S. SANITARY
COMMISSION, OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY TO
COORDINATE WOMEN’S VOLUNTEER WAR WORK – ORGANIZED
NURSING, SOLDIER’S HOMES, “SANITARY FAIRS” TO RAISE $ FOR
WAR
SEAL OF SANITARY COMMISSION. DR. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL,
FIRST WOMAN IN U.S. TO BECOME MEDICAL DOCTOR, HELPED
ORGANIZE THE COMMISSION
BROOKLYN SANITARY FAIR, L. LOUISA MAY ALCOTT, R.,
WORKED AS A VOLUNTEER SANITARY COMMISSION NURSE IN
MASSACHUSETT
THE WAR: THE TIDE TURNS AND TOTAL WAR
THE TIDE TURNS – JULY 1863
 BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG,
JULY 1 – 3, 1863
 THIS WAS LEE’S SECOND
(AND LAST) ATTEMPT TO
INVADE NORTH AND
ENCIRCLE D.C. -HAD HE SUCCEEDED, SOUTH
WOULD HAVE WON WAR!
 IT WAS LEE V. MEADE AND
UNION WON – MEADE DROVE
LEE’S TROOPS BACK TO
VIRGINIA - BUT FAILED TO
PURSUE THEM (LINCOLN NOT
HAPPY!)
HIGH LOSSES ON BOTH SIDES AGAIN, BUT AGAIN HIGHER RATE ON
SOUTHERN SIDE
LINCOLN FELT THAT HIS MEADE AND HIS PAST CHIEF GENERALS IN
THE EAST WERE TOO WORRIED ABOUT CASUALTIES AND THUS NOT
AGGRESSIVE ENOUGH!
GETTYSBURG
GETTYSBURG – REMEMBER, BOTH SIDES WERE AMERICANS. ALMOST
ALL COMMISSIONED OFFICERS WENT TO WEST POINT, KNEW EACH
OTHER. FRIENDS, BROTHERS, COUSINS IN SAME FAMILIES FOUGHT ON
DIFFERENT SIDES. IT DIDN’T STOP THEM FROM KILLING EACH OTHER
GETTYSBURG
GETTYSBURG
 SEIGE OF CSA FORTRESS AT VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI, MAY 18,
1863 – JULY 4, 1863 -- CONFEDERATE SURRENDER ONE DAY AFTER
UNION VICTORY AT GETTYSBURG
VICKSBURG
USA
CSA
TOTAL TROOPS
77,000
- 33,000
KILLED OR WOUNDED
4,835
3,202
CAPTURED
29,495
WITH GRANT AND SHERMAN’S CONQUEST OF VICKSBURG,
THE NORTH CONTROLLED THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THE
ANACONDA PLAN WAS COMPLETE, AND WESTERN
CONFEDERATE FORCES WERE CUT OFF FROM
COMMUNICATION WITH EASTERN FORCES – SOUTH DID NOT
SURRENDER
 LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS, NOVEMBER 19, 1863 (PHD
15-9) – I DIDN’T ASSIGN IT FOR HOMEWORK BUT PLEASE READ IT!
AT THE DEDICATION OF THE GETTYSBURG
BATTLEFIELD CEMETERY, LINCOLN
ANNOUNCED IN NEAR-BIBLICAL TERMS
THAT THE PURPOSE OF THE WAR WAS TO
ABOLISH SLAVERY:
“FOUR-SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO,
OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS
CONTINENT A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED
IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED TO THE
PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN ARE
CREATED EQUAL.”
ABOVE, THE ONLY DOCUMENTED
PHOTO OF LINCOLN (CIRCLED) AT
GETTYSBURG
FOLLOWING SLIDE = ONE OF LINCOLN’S
MANUSCRIPTS OF THE ADDRESS, AND N.Y.
TIMES REPORT OF IT
 TOTAL WAR – AFTER GETTYSBURG AND VICKSBURG, LINCOLN
FIRED MEADE AND BROUGHT GRANT EAST TO BE GENERAL-IN-CHIEF
TO WAGE TOTAL WAR ON THE SOUTH – UTTER DESTRUCTION OF THE
SOUTH
 EXAMPLE = SHERMAN’S “MARCH TO THE SEA” – NOVEMBER –
DECEMBER 1864 AFTER CONQUERING ATLANTA IN SEPTEMBER 1864,
SHERMAN AND HIS TROOPS SET OUT FOR SAVANNAH – AND TO
DESTROY EVERY FARM, EVERY RAILROAD, EVERYTHING IN THEIR
PATH
 THE GOAL WAS NOT JUST TO WIN TERRITORY, BUT TO INFLICT
MAXIMUM PSYCHOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO DEMORALIZE THE SOUTH,
INCLUDING CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS KNOWING THAT THEIR HOMES
WERE BEING DESTROYED
[TODAY SOME PEOPLE MIGHT CALL GRANT AND SHERMAN WAR
CRIMINALS]
SHERMAN’S
MARCH – AFTER
HE GOT TO
SAVANNAH, HE
CONTINUED ON
INTO NORTH
CAROLINA –
GOAL TO GET
BEHIND LEE IN
VIRGINIA
(GRANT WAS
ENGAGED WITH
LEE THERE)
TOTAL WAR
TOTAL WAR
TOTAL WAR (TEARING UP RAILROAD TRACKS)
TOTAL WAR
TTOTAL WAR
 THE ATROCITIES WEREN’T ALL ON THE UNION SIDE –
EXAMPLE, ANDERSONVILLE (FT. SUMTER), GEORGIA
CONFEDERATE PRISON FOR UNION POWS, FEBRUARY 1865 –
APRIL 1865 (14 MONTHS)
IT WAS A STOCKADE WAS DESIGNED TO HOLD 10,000
PRISONERS – ULTIMATELY AS MANY AS 32,000 AT ONE TIME
WERE IMPRISONED THERE
UNION POWS WHO SURVIVED THE CSA PRISON AT
ANDERSONVILLE
ABOUT 45,000 UNION POWS WERE IMPRISONED AT
ANDERSONVILLE. ABOUT 12,913 (28%) DIED, MOSTLY OF DISEASES
(SCURVY, HOOKWORM, ETC.) AND STARVATION
 MEANWHILE, IN NOVEMBER 1864 – ELECTION OF 1864
LINCOLN (R) VERSUS NONE OTHER THAN GENERAL GEORGE
MCCLELLAN AND A NEW VICE PRESIDENT FOR LINCOLN –
ANDREW JOHNSON OF TENNESSEE (TO APPEAL TO SOUTHERN
SYMPATHIZERS?)
LINCOLN, JOHNSON AND MCCLELLAN
DEMOCRATIC (COPPERHEAD ANTI-LINCOLN ELECTION PAMPHLET
(L) AND REPUBLICAN HANDBILL (R) – FIRST USE OF REPUBLICAN
ELEPHANT
ANOTHER DEMOCRATIC CAMPAIGN CARTOON (SEE NOTES)
REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN CARTOON (SEE NOTES)
ANOTHER REPUBLICAN CARTOON (SEE NOTES)
1864 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTS
 ENDGAME IN THE WAR: “THE WILDERNESS CAMPAIGN” –
GRANT V. LEE IN VIRGINIA 1864-65
 THIS WAS MOSTLY TRENCH WARFARE AND HAND-TO-HAND
FIGHTING IN WOODS AND BRUSH OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY,
VA. (LEE WRONGLY THOUGHT THAT HE COULD WEAR GRANT
DOWN)
 INCLUDED THE BATTLE OF COLD HARBOR, 1864 – GRANT
SENT THOUSANDS OF UNION TROOPS, WITH PAPERS WITH
NAMES AND ADDRESSES PINNED TO THEIR BACKS, TO CERTAIN
DEATH AGAINST LEE’S FORTIFIED POSITION. CONFEDERATE
VICTORY? BUT CONFEDERACY COULDN’T AFFORD TO LOSE
MANY TROOPS AT THAT POINT 
1865 BURIAL PARTY AT COLD HARBOR
1865 PHOTO OF
SKULLS LEFT IN
THE VIRGINIA
WILDERNESS
PUBLIC OPINION IN THE NORTH WAS
CRITICAL OF “GRANT THE BUTCHER”
HE WAS WILLING TO INCUR
CASUALTIES TO WIN!
UNION CASUALITIES (55,000) WERE
HIGHER THAN CONFEDERATE (32,000)
BUT CONFEDERATE CASUALTY RATE
WAS SLIGHTLY HIGHER (50% V. 46%) –
AND CONFEDERACY WAS RUNNING
OUT OF MEN!
AND UNION WOULD ACCEPT
NOTHING SHORT OF TOTAL
SURRENDER FROM THE SOUTH,
WHICH SOUTH WOULD NOT DO
UNTIL TOTALLY DEFEATED
GRANT AT COLD HARBOR
 THE END – PETERSBURG, RICHMOND AND APPOMATTOX
 AT THE END OF THE WILDERNESS CAMPAIGN, GRANT’S
TROOPS LAID SEIGE TO PETERSBURG, VA (CRITICAL SUPPLY
DEPOT FOR LEE (JUNE 15, 1864 – APRIL 12, 1865)
UNION TROOPS WITH
MORTAR ON RAIL
FLATCAR OUTSIDE
PETERSBURG
 APRIL 2, 1865 – GRANT CONQUERED RICHMOND (LINCOLN WENT
TO RICHMOND AND SAT AT JEFFERSON DAVIS’S DESK)
 CONFEDERACY MOVED CAPITOL TO DANVILLE BUT . . .
 THE SURRENDER, APRIL 9, 1865 – LEE FORMALLY SURRENDERED
TO GRANT AT APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
PROGRESS OF THE WAR, 1861 - 1865
 BUT WAS IT OVER? ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN AT FORD’S
THEATER, APRIL 14, 1865
CURRIER & IVES PRINT
FORD’S THEATER (APRIL 14, 1865) – LINCOLN WAS THERE TO SEE
THE PLAY “OUR AMERICAN COUSIN”
“NOW HE BELONGS TO THE ANGELS” – A CASUALTY OF WAR?
AND THE UNION THAT JUST DEFEATED THE SOUTH WOUND UP
WITH A SOUTHERN PRESIDENT – ANDREW JOHNSON OF
TENNESSEE – UH-OH!
THE ASSASSIN – FAMOUS ACTOR AND
CONFEDERATE SYMPATHIZER JOHN
WILKES BOOTH – HE GOT AWAY, BUT
WAS CAPTURED AND KILLED BY THE
ARMY 8 DAYS LATER
THE ASSASSINATION WAS
PART OF A LARGER PLOT:
LEWIS POWELL (L, IN
CUSTODY) WAS SUPPOSED TO
KILL SECRETARY OF STATE
WILLIAM SEWARD (HE DID
BREAK INTO SEWARD’S HOUSE
AND STAB HIM REPEATEDLY,
BUT SEWARD LIVED)

 GEORGE ATZERODT WAS
SUPPOSED TO KILL VICE
PRESIDENT JOHNSON BUT
NEVER ATTEMPTED TO
THE ARMY ROUNDED THEM AND THE OTHER CONSPIRATORS UP,
AND THEIR LANDLADY, AND HUNG THEM ON JULY 7, 1865
THE HANGING: MARY SURRATT, LEWIS POWELL, DAVID HEROLD,
GEORGE ATZERODT, FORT MC NAIR, WASHINGTON, D.C. IT WAS A
PARTY – CROWDS ATTENDED, LEMONADE WAS SOLD, ETC.
 THE ARMY ALSO ARRESTED DR. SAMUEL MUDD, THE DOCTOR
WHO SET BOOTH’S BROKEN LEG (BROKEN WHEN HE JUMPED
OUT OF LINCOLN’S BOX AT FORD’S THEATER). HE WAS
CONVICTED OF CONSPIRACY AND SENTENCED TO LIFE
IMPRISONMENT AT FORT JEFFERSON IN THE DRY TORTUGAS,
FLORIDA
 MUDD’S SENTENCE WAS COMMUTED IN 1869 AFTER HE TOOK
OVER AS PRISON DOCTOR DURING A YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC
 ALL THE ALLEGED CONSPIRATORS WERE TRIED BY MILITARY
TRIBUNALS – UNCONSTITUTIONALLY?
WHAT WAS “WON”?
 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS THE SOVEREIGN
 RECALL HOW MANY MAJOR LAWS CONGRESS PASSED DURING
THE CIVIL WAR AS OPPOSED TO BEFORE. AND THAT WAS JUST
THE BEGINNING!
 AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BECAME MORE ORGANIZED
AND BUREAUCRATIC DURING THE WAR
 IT SET THE U.S. ON THE PATH TO BECOMING AS MAJOR
INDUSTRIAL AND IMPERIAL SUPERPOWER
 ABOLITION OF SLAVERY: 13TH AMENDMENT – LINCOLN’S
LEGACY, RATIFIED 1865:
“SECTION 1. NEITHER SLAVERY NOR INVOLUNTARY
SERVITUDE, EXCEPT AS A PUNISHMENT FOR CRIME WHEREOF
THE PARTY SHALL HAVE BEEN DULY CONVICTED, SHALL EXIST
WITHIN THE UNITED STATES, OR ANY PLACE SUBJECT TO THEIR
JURISDICTION.
SECTION 2. CONGRESS SHALL HAVE POWER TO ENFORCE THIS
ARTICLE BY APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION.”
 BUT AS YOU SHOULD KNOW BY NOW, BLACK AMERICANS
WERE STILL VERY FAR FROM TRUE “FREEDOM.”
WHAT WERE THE COSTS?
1. ≈ 620,000 DEAD, ≈ 375,000 WOUNDED
NOT JUST A DEADLY WAR, BUT THE DEADLIEST IN OUR HISTORY –
AND IT WAS “BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER”
N.B. IT WAS THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHED WAR IN OUR HISTORY –
FIRST TIME PEOPLE NOT AT BATTLEFIELDS COULD SEE THE HORROR
OF WAR – AND IT DIDN’T MAKE US ANY LESS WARLIKE!
A FEW OF THE WOUNDED
 OTHER COSTS -- THE SOUTH’S AGRICULTURE AND
INFRASTRUCTURE WERE TOTALLY DESTROYED
 HAD TO BE “RECONSTRUCTED” –> MORE, NOT LESS,
SECTIONAL ANIMOSITY
 NORTH-SOUTH SECTIONAL ANIMOSITY LINGERS TODAY
NEXT – THE TRAUMA CONTINUES -- RECONSTRUCTION