Transcript Perón / Vargas Questions of the Day # 1

Perón / Vargas
Questions of the Day # 1
Daniel W. Blackmon
IB HL History
Coral Gables Senior High
Questions: Perón
• 34 Explain the rise and fall of Juan
Perón and evaluate his impact on
Argentina. (1987)
Questions: Perón
• 90 Who supported and who opposed Juan
Perón in Argentina between 1943 and 1955?
(HL) (1990)
Questions: Perón
• 201
What were the causes and
characteristics of Peronism? (HL) (1995)
Questions: Perón
• 309
Why did Juan Perón become the
dominant figure in the history of Argentina
from 1955 to 1971? (HL) (November 1999)
Questions: Perón or Vargas
• 385
In what ways, and with what
results, did either Per6n or Vargas pursue
populist policies? (HL) (2002)
Questions: Perón or Vargas
• 410
In what ways, and to what
extent, were the policies of either Vargas
or Perón successful in achieving their
aims? . (HL) (2003)
Questions: Perón or Vargas
• 433
Compare and contrast the ways in
which Vargas and Perón maintained
themselves in power. (HL) (2004)
General
• 260
Compare and contrast the
programs of two Latin American leaders
in the first half of the twentieth century
and assess their successes and failures.
(HL) (1998)
General
• 285
“Latin American politics depended
much more on personalities than on
ideologies in the twentieth century.”
Referring to at least two countries in the
region show how far you agree with this
statement. (HL) (1999)
General
• 335
Analyze the policies of one
populist leader in Latin America in the
first half of the twentieth century and
assess their effectiveness. (HL) (2000)
General
• 361
Assess the domestic (internal)
program and policies of one populist
leader of Latin America in the period
1900 to 1955. (HL) (2001)
General
• 178
What were the basic economic
problems of TWO Latin American countries
in the first half of the twentieth century and
how did they attempt to solve them? (HL)
(1994)
General
• 238
Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of foreign investment in
TWO Latin American countries of the
period 1900-1950. (HL) (1997)
The Questions
• What patterns do you see in the questions
that IB has asked?
Question of the Day # 1
• In what ways, and with what results, did
either Perón or Vargas pursue populist
policies? (HL) (2002)
Key Terms
•
•
•
•
What ways
What results
Either
Populist policies
Definition
• Definition of a Populist regime according to
Guillermo O’Donnell: “While there is
considerable variation in the degree to
which these systems are competitive and
democratic, they are clearly ‘incorporating.’
Definition
• They are based on a multi-class coalition of
urban-industrial interests, including
industrial elites and the urban popular
sector. Economic nationalism is a common
feature of such systems. The state promotes
the initial phase of industrialization oriented
around consumer goods.
Definition
• It does so both directly through support for
domestic industry, and indirectly through
encouraging the expansion of the domestic
market for consumer goods by increasing
the income of the popular sector.” (Collier
“B-A Model” 24)
Definition
• (From Lambert) Parties of the Populist Type
• “Since about 1930, . . . parties running on
reform platforms but opportunistic in their
actual policy have been in the lead.
Definition
• They tend to rally a heterogeneous backing
around a prominent figure who has acquired
the reputation of defending the underdog
but whose only ideology is nationalism. . . .
.
Definition
• .Such parties, bearing the strong personal
mark of a political figure, are called
populist parties.
Definition
• “The forerunner of this type of movement
was Hipólito Irigoyen, who assumed power
in Argentina in 1916 with the Radical Civic
Union. .
Definition
• “. . Irigoyen then renamed his party . . .
Union Cívica Radical Personalista.
Irigoyen’s regime was characterized by a
strong reaction against the cosmopolitan
outlook of the Argentine oligarchic regime,
which had given free rein to foreign,
especially English, concerns.
Definition
• “His Argentine nationalism manifested itself
first by his neutrality in World War I.
Another trait of the regime–a basic feature
of populism–was ostentatious sympathy for
the little man and a show of contempt for
the wealthy and the powerful. . . .
Definition
• “After Irigoyen, the Radical Civic Union
became a middle-class party and the
Peronists became demagogic populists in
their place.” (204-205
Definition
• “Like Irigoyen in 1916, Vargas in 1930
found a country dominated by the oligarchy,
and, also like Irigoyen, he appealed to
nationalism and presented himself as the
advocate of the little man.” (205)
Economic Role of Populist
Regimes
• “Their most earnest and systematic efforts
have been aimed at economic emancipation
by means of industrialization. . . .
Economic Role of Populist
Regimes
• “The oligarchic regime had been
cosmopolitan in its outlook, since the
economic interests of the ruling class
depended entirely on the exportation of
agricultural products, and its culture was
that of the European capitals.
Economic Role of Populist
Regimes
• “The populists governments wished to
alienate neither the entrepreneurs nor the
workers, and especially not the middle
classes and the military. Nationalism was
the one theme on which all of them could
agree.
Economic Role of Populist
Regimes
• “At that point in Latin America’s foreign
relations, nationalism, which primarily
economic, meant above all industrialization
and nationalization of the large foreign
enterprises.
Economic Role of Populist
Regimes
• “Although this economic nationalism often
inspired measures of demagogic rather than
economic value, populist governments
undoubtedly started the era of economic
development. . . . . The populist regimes
broadened the Latin American body
politic.” (207)
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• “”The lack of any economic experience,
particularly among military dictatorships of
populist inspiration, rendered the best meant
programs utterly ineffectual. . . .
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• For instance, any social policy dictated by
opportunism consisted first in courting
supporters by multiplying job openings,
particularly in occupations most easily
controlled by the party and the government:
civil service, public utilities, nationalized
industries. . . .
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• In order to bring about and justify the
proliferation of posts and show their social
usefulness, the populist governments have
given in to the temptation to orient labor
legislation in a direction that slows
productivity. . . .
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• In order to maintain their popularity among
workers and civil servants, the governments
have raised the minimum wages
excessively, the result being almost
invariably an inflation that has cancelled the
raise.
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• These regimes have promoted social
progress through featherbedding rather than
through higher productivity and salaries.
Even though party supporters have been
disappointed by the stagnation and in some
case the deterioration in living standards,
the populist regimes have lost none of their
popularity.
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• The people’s protectors had given evidence
of their good intentions, and they can
always blame any failures on mysterious
plots of political foes and the evil scheming
of international capitalism and the United
States government.” (208)
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• “The greatest harm done by the populist
regimes throughout Latin America has been
to widen the chasm between a chiefly urban
advanced society and a chiefly rural archaic
one by carrying out reforms in only a
segment of each nation.
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• “Government by the upper class had
preserved archaic feudal structures in the
rural areas until the end of the first third of
the twentieth century.
Political and Social Role of the
Populist Regimes
• “The populist leaders who have followed
the oligarchy have paid no attention
whatsoever to rural society and have left its
feudal structure untouched, while their
reforms have hastened changes in the
advanced urban society, thus broadening the
gap between the two societies instead of
narrowing it.” (209)
Thesis
• First, let’s look at the evidence and then
write our thesis!
Context
• Q & A: “ What events, broadly, are
happening world wide (1920-1954) that
might influence these two countries?”
Great Depression
World War II
Cold War
Context
• Vargas (1920-1930) [Three groups 10
minutes]
• .Economic
• .Social
• .Political
Context
• Perón (1930-1946) [Three groups 10
minutes]
• .Economic
• .Social
• .Political
Context