Transcript Civil War

Unit 4
Chapters 10, 11, & 12
THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION
1846-1877
Chapter 10
THE UNION IN CRISIS
1846-1861
Compromise of 1850
 5 laws passed to ease the concerns of
slavery:
 The
state of New Mexico would be established by
carving its borders from the state of Texas.
 New Mexico voters would determine whether the
state would permit or prohibit the practice of
slavery.
 California would be admitted to the Union as a
free state.
Compromise of 1850 continued………
-All citizens would be required to apprehend
runaway slaves and return them to their
owners. Those who failed to do so would be
fined or imprisoned.
-The slave trade would be abolished in the
District of Columbia, but the practice of
slavery would be allowed to continue there.
(go figure…..)
Compromise of 1850 continued………
Note: Many northerners and
southerners welcomed the passage of
the Compromise of 1850 and hoped
that it would preserve the Union. Their
hopes were dashed about a decade later
when the United States became
engaged in the devastation Civil War.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
 This law was passed to appease Southern
slave owners and provided:
 For the recovery of slaves who ran away to
free states.
 Slaveholders could seize the runaway slave
in any Northern state.
 The slave was not allowed trial by jury and
was not allowed to testify in his/her behalf.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

The law also imposed a fine of $1,000 and six months in
jail on anyone convicted of helping a fugitive slave.
* Only about 300 slaves were returned under the Fugitive
Slave Law.
* In order to get around the Fugitive Slave Law many
Northern states passed Personal Liberty Laws. These
laws forbade state officials from cooperating with federal
officials who were returning the fugitive slaves to the
South.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 1852 – Harriet Beecher Stowe published
Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Some historians
consider it the most important single shot in
the abolitionist campaign. In their defense,
Southern families felt that they did not treat
their slaves any worse than the Northern
owners and their workers.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
 1854 – Congress again took up the issue of
slavery. When Congress approved the
Kansas-Nebraska Act, it repealed the
Missouri Compromise of 1820 and gave the
settlers in all the new territories the right to
decide for themselves whether theirs would
be a free or a slave state. This is called
popular sovereignty, rule by the
people.
Bleeding Kansas
 Pro and antislavery groups moved into
Kansas in attempts to create voting
majorities there. Antislavery abolitionists
came from eastern states; proslavery settlers
came mainly from neighboring Missouri.
Some of these Missourians settled in
Kansas, but many more stayed there only
long enough to vote for slavery and return to
Missouri.
Bleeding Kansas continued………..
 Examples:

Eli Thayer’s New England Emigrant Aid Company sent
two thousand people to Kansas.

Missourians, known as Border Ruffians, went to Kansas
long enough to vote.

The result of the election showed that there were only
fourteen hundred residents eligible to vote and six
thousand ballots cast. The new legislature passed laws in
support of slavery.
Bleeding Kansas continued………..
 The antislavery residents of Kansas refused to
recognize the new government and formed their
own government.
 Results
May
….. Fighting broke out everywhere.
21, 1856 a gang of border ruffians rode
into the antislavery town of Lawrence,
Kansas, set it afire, and killed several people.
In retaliation, John Brown, an abolitionist,
killed five proslavery Kansans on May 24, 1856
at Pottawatomie Creek.
Bleeding Kansas continued………..
 On a national scale the House of
Representatives supported the
abolitionists Kansans; the Senate and
President Franklin Pierce supported
the proslavery Kansans.
 Was popular sovereignty a good
idea????
Dred Scott Decision, 1857
 Dred Scott Case (Scott v. Sandford)
 In 1834 Scott’s master took him to Illinois, free
state, then to Wisconsin, a free state, then back to
Missouri.
 In 1846 Scott sued for his freedom on the grounds
that freedom went with the land.
 March 6, 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that Scott
lacked the legal standing to sue in federal court.
Lincoln & Douglas Debates
 Senate Election in 1858:
 Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat, was running for reelection in 1858.
 Abraham Lincoln, Republican, was running against
Douglas.
The men held 7 debates where the main topic was
the issue of slavery.
Douglas supported popular sovereignty.
Lincoln opposed slavery spreading into the
territories.
Lincoln & Douglas Debates
 Stephen A. Douglas won the Senatorial election of
1858.
Historical Importance:
 Lincoln made his views on slavery clear during the 7
debates.
John Brown
 In 1856, believing that he was chosen by God to
end slavery, Brown commanded family members
and other abolitionists to attack proslavery settlers
in Kansas, killing 5 men.
 October 16, 1859 Brown with 18 free blacks and
white men raid the federal arsenal at Harpers
Ferry on the Virginia side of the Potomac River.
(They hoped that the slaves of Virginia would
revolt.)
John Brown continued……..
 They killed seven people and took several
slaveholders and slaves hostage. Virginia
militia and federal troops led by Robert E.
Lee put down the rebellion after several
days. John Brown was eventually convicted
of treason against the state of Virginia, in
1859, and executed by hanging.
 Was Brown a terrorist killer or and
abolitionist martyr????
Presidential Election of 1860
 Abraham Lincoln won the presidential
election of 1860.
6
weeks later South Carolina seceded from
the Union. Six other states followed:
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas.
 In February of 1861 representatives from
the secessionists states met in
Montgomery, Alabama where they formed
the Confederate States of America.
Confederate States of America
 Their new constitutions resemble the U.S.
Constitution except for two clauses:
1. Each state in the Confederacy was to be “sovereign and
independent”.
 2. People were guaranteed the right to own slaves.


Senator Jefferson Davis was chosen president of the
Confederate States of America.
Chapter 11: The Civil
War
1861-1865
Northern Economy
Foundation
Manufacturing Resources
Employment & Property
Ownership
Exports & Views on Tariffs
Food Production
Railroads
Southern Economy
Civil War
 1861-1865
 United States of America vs. Confederate
States of America
 Union Battle Plan: Anaconda Plan
 Blockade the South
 Gain control over the Mississippi
 Put constant pressure on the Confederate
capital, Richmond, Virginia.
Civil War
 Southern Battle Plan: Survive until the French
or Great Britain comes to its aide.
 Battle at Fort Sumter – April 12, 1861- After
two days of attack, the North surrenders and
President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers. (For
only 90 days.)
 Four more states join the Confederacy: Virginia,
North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. (West
Virginia becomes a state in the UNION in 1863.)
Civil War
1st Bull Run (1861)
Confederate victory. This is the
battle where Thomas J. Jackson
became known as Stonewall
Jackson – “There he stands like
a stone wall.”
Lincoln’s Letter to Horace Greeley
 “I would save the Union. I would save it
the shortest way under the
Constitution. The sooner the national
authority can be restored; the nearer
the Union would be ‘the Union as it
was.”…….. (August 22, 1862)

See your handout for the complete quote.
Civil War
 Antietam (September, 1862) Bloodiest
single day of the war with 26,000
casualties. This battle is considered the
1st turning point of the war, the south
went on the offensive and was allowed
to retreat to safety the next day.
Civil War
 Emancipation Proclamation – January,
1863 – Lincoln freed the slaves in
Confederate states, while maintaining
slavery in the border states loyal to the
Union and in Confederate territory that was
already occupied by the Union.
 Remember that Lincoln’s goal was to save
the Union. (Letter to Horace Greeley:
August 22, 1862)
Civil War
 Gettysburg (1863) 3 days of fighting – 2nd
turning point of the war, Confederates did
not launch an offensive attack again. 51,000
men killed making it the deadliest battle in
the war. Four months later, Lincoln delivers
his Gettysburg Address at the dedication
of the Gettysburg National Cemetery.
Civil War
 Vicksburg (May-July 1863) After a 7 week siege, Grant
achieved one of the Unions strategic goals: control over the
Mississippi River. Confederate troops and supplies in
Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the
Confederacy.
 March of 1864 - Lincoln named Ulysses S. Grant
commander of all Union armies. Grant informed Lincoln
that his object was not the capture of Confederate flags,
commanders, cities, and territories, but the total
destruction of the enemy’s ability to fight.
Civil War
 Atlanta (July – September, 1864) Sherman
executed the “scorch earth policy” – total
destruction of the enemies ability to fight.
Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground then
marched on to Atlantic Ocean. (Remember that
Atlanta was a vitally important center of
Confederate manufacturing and railway traffic.)
 Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864) Sherman
gave the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift to
President Lincoln.
Civil War
 Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse – April
1865 – Confederates surrender to the Union forces.
(Lee surrenders to Grant.)
 The Confederates surrendered all equipment and
arms except for the officers’ revolvers and swords.
Both officers' and enlisted men kept their horses
for plowing. After taking a loyalty oath to the
Union, the southern troops could go home.
Lincoln’s Assassination
 April 14, 1865 – President Lincoln was
assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.
Lincoln and his wife were watching the
play, Our American Cousin, at Ford’s
Theater. Lincoln died on the 15th.
The First Modern War
1861 - 1865
 The Civil War ushered in a new era in warfare with
the ……
 First
practical machine gun. (Weapons of
the CW)
 First repeating rifle used in combat.
 First use of the railroads as a major means
of transporting troops and supplies.
 First extensive use of trenches and field
fortifications.
The First Modern War
1861 - 1865
 First
naval mines or “torpedoes”.
 First ironclad ships engaged in combat.
 First multi-manned submarine.
 First organized and systematic care of the
wounded on the battlefield.
 First use of portable telegraph units on the
battlefield.
 First draft in the U.S.
 First organized use of African American troops in
combat.
The First Modern War
1861 - 1865
 First income tax – levied to finance the war.
 First photograph taken in combat. (Famous
photographer: Mathew B. Brady.)
 First Medal of Honor awarded and
American soldier.
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
 In some states Lincoln suspended the constitutional
right of habeas corpus, the legal rule that anyone
imprisoned must be taken before a judge to
determine if the prisoner is being legally held in
custody. (The Constitution allows a president to
suspend habeas corpus during a national
emergency.) Over 13,000 Confederate sympathizers
were arrested in the North.
Civil War Terms
 North:
 South:
Chapter 12
THE
RECONSTRUCTION
ERA
1865-1877
Reconstruction
 1865-1877
 The time period when the American people
sought to reestablish the southern states as
part of the Union.
Plans of Reconstruction
 Presidential
Reconstruction:



Readmit the southern states
to the Union as quickly as
possible.
Give amnesty to all, except
war criminals, willing to take
an oath of loyalty to the U.S.
Southern state governments
would be recognized after
one-tenth of the number of
1860 voters took the oath of
allegiance.
 Radical Republican
Reconstruction:
Require a majority of
voters in a secessionist
state to take an oath of
loyalty to the U.S.
 Individual state
governments had to
outlaw slavery.
 Former Confederate
officials were banned
from voting for state
legislators.

Freedmen’s Bureau
 Gave food and clothing to former slaves and needy
whites. It set up the following:
 40 hospitals
4 thousand primary schools
 61 industrial institutes
 And 74 teacher training establishments
 Ex: Morehouse College in Atlanta was founded in 1867
as the Augusta Institute. A former slave and two
ministers founded it for the education of African
American men in the field of ministry and education.

Reconstruction Amendments:
 13th : abolished slavery and involuntary servitude
in the U.S.
 14th: defined U.S. citizenship as including all
persons born in the U.S.; including African
Americans; guaranteed that no citizen could be
deprived of his/her rights without due process.
 15th: Black Suffrage – removed restrictions on
voting based on race, color, or ever having been a
slave; granted the right to vote to all male U.S.
citizens over the age 21.
Military Districts
 Under the First Reconstruction Act the seceded
states, except Tennessee, were divided into 5 military
districts.
Examples of Voting Regulations in the South
 Literacy Test
 Poll Taxes
 The Grandfather Clause
Tenure of Office Act
 This law stated that presidents could
not remove cabinet officers they
themselves appointed without first
obtaining 2/3’s vote from the Senate.
 Impeachment is not removal from
office but the bringing of charges, the
same as an indictment in a criminal
trial.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
 February 24, 1868, the house voted to impeach
President Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office
Act. The trial lasted from mid-March to May 26,
1868. The vote was 35 to 19 and President Johnson
remained in office by one vote. (Sec of War
 What other presidents have been impeached?
Key Terms:
 Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went
south to take advantage of the economic and
political opportunities of Reconstruction.
 Scalawags: White southern republicans
who cooperated with the African Americans
and the carpetbaggers.
 Jim Crow Laws: Laws that enforced
segregation.
Key Terms continued….
 Black Codes: Laws aimed at regulating the
economic and social lives of freed slaves. Ex: could
not serve on juries, carry weapons, testify against
whites, marry whites, had a curfew, and were
required a permit to travel.
 Ku Klux Klan began in Tennessee in 1866. It was
established at first to warn blacks not to vote but
eventually became violent. Force Acts were
passed in 1870 & 1871 to curtail Klan violence.
Key Terms continued….
 Solid South: Southern states
that supported the Democratic
Party.
 (Ex: Governor Purdue was the
Republican governor elected in
Georgia since Reconstruction.)