Transcript THE U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-1865

THE U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-1865
APRIL 12, 1861 Fort Sumter, SC
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Fort in Charleston
Harbor
Lincoln in a bind
Gen. P.G.T
Beauregard—CSA
Major Anderson-Union
Fort surrenders-no
casualties!
Call for Volunteers-Both sides
predict a quick war!
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The South has:
1. Better Military
Leaders
2. Southern Sons went
to West Point in
greater numbers
3. Farm boys shoot
better!
The North has:
1. Sheer numbers in
population
2. Better and more
weapons
3. Stronger industry
and more miles of
R.R. track
Harper’s Ferry
North: Anaconda Plan
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3.
Control the Mississippi River-Cut off
Texas from the rest of the South
Blockade all Southern Ports
Take the war to the South—Capture
Richmond, VA—The Capital
Battle of Bull Run/Manasses
July 1861
► Mr.
McLean’s House
► Washington Visitors
► Thomas (Stonewall)
Jackson
► Traffic Jam
► Mistakes
Lincoln’s Troubles
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Fires Gen. Irwin
McDowell
Hires Gen. George
McClellan
Army of the Potomac
Trains and waits
Lincoln asks to “borrow
the Army”
Loses in the Peninsula
Campaign
South’s new heroes:
General Robert E. Lee,
Stonewall Jackson and Jeb
Stuart
South’s New Heroes
Battle of Shiloh,TN
April 6-7,1862
► USA:U.S.
Grant
► CSA:Albert Sidney
Johnston
2nd Bull Run/Manassas
August 28-29 1862
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Lincoln fires
McClellan!
Hires Gen. John Pope
Jeb Stuart Pays a visit
Pope defeated!
Lee’s New Plan
► No
more defense
► Take the War to the North
► Beliefs:
1. Win in Maryland and turn state to the
South
2. Make Washington D.C. an Island in the
Confederacy
3. Demoralize the North
Lincoln’s Dilemma
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Lincoln fires Pope
Rehires McClellan!
McClellan still over
cautious
Lincoln needs a
victory!
Wants a moral
objective to the war
Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg
Sept. 17, 1862
Lee invades Maryland by crossing the
Potomac River
 Lee’s Battle Plans Found! Lil’ Mac does
nothing—asks for more men!
 Three battle phases:
1. Morning-Dunker Church & Cornfield
2. Midday- Sunken Road
3. Afternoon- Burnside’s Bridge
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Morning-Dunker Church/Cornfield
Midday-Sunken Road
Burnside’s Bridge
“He has the slows”
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No clear winner but south
leaves the field
McClellan has advantage
but waits more than a
week!!
Lee escapes across the
Potomac River
Lincoln Fires McClellan!
Single bloodiest day in
United States history
23,000 Killed or Wounded
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln needed a victory
“…all persons held as slaves within any State
or designated part of a State the people
whereof shall then be in rebellion against the
United States shall be then, thenceforward,
and forever free.”
Border States could still keep slaves
Reality Emancipation Proclamation freed no
slaves! But gave moral cause to the war.
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Battle of Fredericksburg
December 11-15 1862
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Lincoln fires McClellan!!
Lincoln hires Gen.
Ambrose Burnside
Lee controls Marye’s
Heights
Series of Union attacks all
unsuccessful
Men know they will die
“Northern Lights “
“Angel of Marye’s
Heights”
Battle of Chancellorsville
April 30-May 6 1863
Lincoln fires Burnsides!
► Lincoln hires “Fightin’ Joe
Hooker”
► 138,000 Union forces
► Lee has about half as
many
► Stonewall Jackson makes a
“grand manuever”
► Stonewall accidently shot
by own troops
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Battle of Gettysburg
July 1-3 1863
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Lee moves north again to put fear in the orth and hopefully end
the war.
Lincoln fires Hooker hires Gen. George Meade
Shoes? Gen. Buford’s Delay
Chamberlain’s Pinwheel Charge
Pickett’s Charge
Pvt. Elias Durfee fought at Little Round Top with Col. Joshua
Chamberlain of the 20th Maine
43,000 Killed, wounded or missing—25,000 from the south—
will never recover
Gettysburg is the turning point of the war!
First Day-”save the high ground”
Gen. Buford
2nd Day- Chamberlain saves the
Union Army
Little Round Top
Devil’s Den
Day 3—Picket’s Charge
“Attack the Center, where they are
weak” Robert E. Lee
Civil War in the West
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Control the Mississippi
Ulysses S. Grant
Wins at Ft. Donnelson &
Fort Henry—No Terms!
“Unconditional
Surrender!”
Battle of Shiloh Church
April 6-7 1862
High casualties Grant
almost loses—temporarily
relieved of command
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Admiral David Farragut
(Union Navy) captures
New Orleans and Baton
Rouge (spring of 1862)
Grant lays siege of
Vicksburg, MS (May 1963 July 4th, 1863
Cuts off food and supplies
30,000 Confederates
surrender
“He Fights”
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Not thought of highly
Drinks too much
Has enemies in Congress
and Army
Undercover officer sent to
dig up dirt in order to get
Grant fired
Lincoln “find out what he
drinks and send a case to
all my generals—he fights!
Gettysburg Address
November 19 1863
• National Cemetery Dedication
• Didn’t want Lincoln invited—after thought
• Edward Everett spoke almost 2 hours-”top
that”
• One of America’s top 3 speeches only 3
minutes long
• Biblical connection to speech
The Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are
engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so
dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to
dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that
that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground.
The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor
power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it
can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us
to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we
take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that
we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God,
shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the
VICKSBURG
• Grant’s army sails up the Mississippi River
and continuously bombards Vicksburg.
• Day and night bombs flew into citydemoralizing town and citizens
• No supplies in or out to help people
survive.
• CONTROL OF RIVER- SPLITS SOUTH IN
HALF!
Grant Now in Charge
• Grant replaces Meade
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now in command of
all Union Armies
New strategy—”Total
War”
Grant has more men,
weapons, supplies,
transportation
• South will never
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recover from
Gettysburg &
Vicksburg
Must now fight a
desperate defensive
war
Cannot replace men,
weapons, supplies
and transportation
Grant, “The Butcher”
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The Wilderness
Battle of Cold Harbor
7000 KIAs in only 2
hours!
Lee digs in
Grant lays siege at
Petersburg
“I can replace soldiers,
Lee cannot”
War in the West 1864
• Gen. William
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Tecumseh Sherman
Tennessee to Atlanta
Victory helped Lincoln
win re-election
Sherman’s neckties
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• “Make Georgia howl!”
• 60,000 men, 60 miles
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wide
Total War!
Break the South’s will to
fight
Can do this anywhere
Savannah, GA Dec. 10,
1864
“Merry Christmas Mr.
President
Appomattox Court House
• Lee makes contact
• April 9th, 1865
• Farm house
• Reminisce
• Lee asks for terms
• Grant allows for horses and sidearms
• Gives food—time to replant
McLean’s House
• Moved far away from Manassas
• House used for the surrender
• “the war began in my front yard, and
ended in my front parlor”
The Price in Blood!
Casualties in the Civil War
• At least 618,000 Americans died in the
Civil War, and some experts say the toll
reached 700,000. The number that is most
often quoted is 620,000. At any rate,
these casualties exceed the nation's loss in
all its other wars, from the Revolution
through Vietnam.
The Union armies had from
2,500,000 to 2,750,000 men. Their losses,
by the best estimates:
Medical Treatment during the
Civil War
• New weapons +
old
strategies=terrible
wounds
• Amputation most
common treatment
• Infections kills
more than bullets
• Disease is rampant
• Clara Barton
Home front
• Women doing more on the farms and
factories
• Copperheads
• Draft and New York Draft riot
• Habeas Corpus
African-Americans in the Civil War
• Early opposition
• Contraband in the South
• 54th Massachusetts
• 186,000 served in the Union Army
• 50,000 served in the Confederate Army
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