Transcript Willoughby7e_PPT_Chapter13

The World of Music
7th edition
Part 4
Listening to Western
Classical Music
Chapter 13: Music of the
Twentieth Century
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Modern Classical Music
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Diverse
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Conventional Instruments
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Unconventional Instruments
Often Complex
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Traditional Techniques
Unconventional Techniques
Blurred Tonality
Longer Melodies
Difficult, Puzzling Forms
Timbre and Rhythm over Melody and Harmony
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Impressionism
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Style from French Painting Philosophy
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Reaction against Intellectual German Music
Favored Delicate Instruments
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Monet
Renoir
Flute
Harp
Strings
Claude Debussy
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Claude Debussy (1862–1918)
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French
Rejected Traditional Practices
Influences
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Painters
Poets
Gamelan Music (of Indonesia)
Excelled at Works for Piano and Orchestra
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Experimental Music
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Avant-Garde Composers in Every
Generation
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Two Types of Composer
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Experimental Works
Varying Degrees of Success
One Who Uses Proven Techniques
One Who Wants to Develop Original Techniques
Igor Stravinsky
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971)
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Russian
Became American Citizen
Style Contributions
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Rhythmic complexity
Innovative Orchestration
Original Uses of Tonality
Reinvention of Other
Material
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Baroque and Classical
Forms
Jazz
Russian Folk Melodies
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Representative Works
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Ballets
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The Firebird
Petrushka
The Rite of Spring
Opera, The Rake’s
Progress
Chamber Work, The
Soldier’s Tale
Opera-Oratorio
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Oedipus Rex
Symphony of Psalms
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Atonal Music and Serialism
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Atonality
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Literally Means, “No Tonality”
Alternative to Major and Minor Keys
Serialism
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Uses the 12 Tones in a Fixed Row
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Row May be Altered
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No Traditional Scales
No Traditional Chords
Reversed
Upside Down
Transposed
Combinations of the Above (i.e. Reversed and Transposed)
Arnold Schoenberg
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951)
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Austrian
Became an American
Citizen
Early Works Post-romantic
Style
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Disjunct Melodies
Small Ensembles
Irregular Phrases
Complex and Fragmentary
Sound
Controversial
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Representative Works
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Verklärte Nacht
Five Pieces for Orchestra
Pierrot Lunaire
Variations for Orchestra
Opera, Moses and Aaron
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Electronic Music
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Began in 1950s
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Invention of Magnetic Tape Recording
Musique Concrète
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Synthesizers
Computer-Generated Music
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Altered Speed of Tape
Reversed Tape
Splicing of Tape
MIDI
Edgard Varèse
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Edgard Varèse (1883–1965)
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French (Came to America)
Promoted Experimental
Music
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Conducted
Wrote Articles
Participated in Classes
and Seminars
Lifelong Interest in
Science and Technology
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Representative Pieces
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Hyperprism
Octandre
Intégrales
Ionization
Déserts
Poème Électronique
Ecuatorial
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Chance Music
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Also Called Indeterminate music
Performer is Allowed to Create
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Randomness
Chance Elements (Dice, etc.)
Improvisation
Large-Scale Structure Provided by Composer
Pieces Never Performed the Same Way Twice
John Cage
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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John Cage (1912–1992)
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Known for Original Ideas
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Prepared Piano
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Items (Screws, Paper, Erasers, etc) Placed on Strings Inside
a Piano
Can Sound like a full Percussion Ensemble
Chance Music
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Less Control for the Composer
Accept What you Get
 Multiple Radios Simultaneously Playing on Stage
 4’33” of “Silence” from Performer (Audience, Theater, and
Surroundings Create the Music)
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Bela Bartók (1881–1945)
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Hungarian
Ethnomusicologist
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Preserved Folk Songs of
Hungary
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Field Recordings
Used These Melodies
in his Compositions
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Representative Works
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Mikrokosmos
Music for Strings,
Percussion, and Celesta
Concerto for Orchestra
6 String Quartets
3 Piano Concertos
Extended Interest to
Other Parts of
Europe/Africa
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Nationalism
Emerged in late nineteenth century
 Charles Ives
 Aaron Copland
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Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Additional American Composers
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Amy Cheney Beach
Ruth Crawford Seeger
Ulysses Kay
Henry Cowell
George Gershwin
William Grant Still
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Neoclassical Music
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Return to Structures/Aesthetics of the Past
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Forms of Previous Periods
Using Modern Language
Possible Traits
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Control
Order
Emotional Restraint
Minimal Instrumentation
Transparent Texture
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Minimalism
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Seeks Great Effect from
Minimal Material
Began in 1960s
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Traits
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Philip Glass
Terry Riley
Extensive Repetition
Slow, Subtle Changes
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Reaction Against Serialism
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Rhythm
Chords
Other Elements
Tonal Style
Other Similar Styles
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Jazz
Rock
Indian Music
African Music
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Traditional Sounds
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Program music
Symphonies
Concertos
Colorful harmonies, but within the accepted
structure of the major-minor tonal system
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
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Chapter Summary
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Why do you think modern audiences prefer music
from previous periods?
How “modern” is the music heard in Hollywood
Blockbuster films?
How has the infusion of technology into the art of
music affected its development?
Has the turbulent twentieth century created art
forms that have a different function from those of
previous periods of history?
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Image Credits
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Slide 11
C Squared Studios/Getty
Images
Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music
Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved