Transcript FORMAT IN ACADEMIC REPORT

FORMAT OF A REPORT
STRUCTURE/COMPOSITION
NUMBERING SYSTEM
APA CITATION (American Psychological Association)
STRUCTURE
LENGTH
10 to 15 pgs, excluding appendices.
PAPER
A4-Size paper (white)
PRINTING
One-sided
JUSTIFICATION Justified left & right
FONT
Time New Roman (size 12pt)
STRUCTURE cont…
LINE SPACING
Double space
INDENTATION
Distinguish headings (14pt size &
bold) & subheadings
First line of new paragraph
PAGINATION
TABLES & FIGURES
APPENDICES
Sequenced page numbers
Bottom centre
Title page not counted/numbered
Sequenced number
Centre & labelled
Numbered
Continuous page number
NUMBERING SYSTEM
IN-TEXT
Decimal numbering system
Organize headings, sections & subsections
Do not exceed 3-level of heading & subheadings
See sample
NUMBERING SYSTEM cont…
TABLE OF CONTENT
Decimal system
List all headings, sub(s)
According to the in-text numbering
1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………... 1
1.1 Statement of the problem …………………………… 2
1.2 Research questions ………………………………….. 3
2.0 Introduction……………………………………………….. 4
2.1 Research in the West ………………………………... 5
2.1.1 Question Formation in ESL Classes …………… 6
APA STYLE CITATION
IN-TEXT CITATION
Avoid PLAGIARISM!
5 common types
(1) SHORT QUOTATION
Incorporated in the text
Use quotation marks
(2) LONG QUOTATION (>30 words)
Blocked in separate paragraph (one space)
Indented 0.6” (left and right margin).
Quotation marks are not used
(3) OMISSION IN QUOTATION
Certain parts of the citation are omitted
Dots are used
Grammatically accurate
(4) REFERRED CITATION
Other author’s work is referred, not quoted
Mention author’s name
Synthesized information properly cited
(5) ELECTRONIC CITATION
Quotation marks used to indicate citation
Longer than 30 words (refer to block citation)
It was suggested that students using internet
for their information retrieval should be
given “thorough training on the proper
citation to avoid plagiarism” (Beutler, 2004,
Conclusion section, para 1). Surname of the author
Article’s paragraph
Article section
Year of publication
Commas used to separate
Capitalized initial letter
APA STYLE CITATION cont…
BIBLIOGRAPHY
All reference used in report must be listed
Double-space between citations
List not numbered
Alphabetical order
BOOKS
ELCTRONIC PUBLICATIONS
PERIODICALS
ENCYCLOPEDIA
AUDIO VISUAL RESOURCES
The end click here
Sample of short quotation
Surname of the author
Year of publication in the brackets
Schiffrin (1994) had pointed out that the
study and analysis of discourse “provides an
additional and refreshing approach to the
study and understanding of human
language” (1994, p.264).
Quotation marks at the beginning & at the end of the citation
In brackets include the year(optional) followed with a comma(,).
p(for page) or pp(for pages) a period(.) before the page number.
Full stop comes after the close bracket.
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Sample of long quotation
Direct quotation block and separated
Many studies that involved both English and Malay had been
carried out off late. These included studies on code-switching
and mixed language. Ozog (1987), for instance, mentioned in
his research:
The Malay syntactic patterns often influenced the
use of English in the Malay ESL discourse and that
the patterns conformed to the patterns that had
been described at length by many Malaysian
linguists (p.73).
Indented 0.6” both sides
Page number in brackets
A period comes after close bracket
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Sample of omission in quotation
Quotation marks used at the beginning & at the end of citation
According to Tongue (1974), it was pointed out
that “one grammatical component that was
usually omitted … is the object pronoun”(p.85).
Dots are used to indicate omission and
continuation of different parts of information
Two separate parts of information taken from the same author’s work
combined as one sentence - grammatically accurate - with 3 dots (…)
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Sample of referred citation
Two authors of the same work
Two studies referred
Robert Bley-Vroman and Naoko Yoshinaga
(2000) studied the acquisition of WH-questions in
high proficiency non-native speakers of English
with reference to the study done earlier by
Porayska-Pomsta (1997) in relation to learning
behaviour.
Author’s name
The year of publication in brackets
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BOOK (1 author)
1 author: Betty Schrampfer Azar
Title of the book in Italics
Azar, B. S. (1992). Fundamentals of English Grammar.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
Comma, then 1 space
Publication year in brackets
Place (state) of publication
Publisher followed by a period
Colon after publication place then space
Each initial letter of the book title is capitalized
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Book (2 authors) click here
BOOK (2 authors)
Surname of the first author
Second author’s surname
Second author’s first name initial comes first
Platt, J. T. & H. Weber. (1990). English in Singapore and
Malaysia. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
One space then (and – can use &) then one space
Middle and first name initials
Separated one space with periods
Additional line(s) are indented 6 spaces
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Book (Edited) click here
BOOK (Edited)
Indented 6 spaces
A period
Letheridge, S., & C. R. Cannon (Eds.).
(1980). Bilingual Education. New
York: Praeger.
Two editors “Eds.”
One editor “Ed.”
In brackets, close bracket followed with a period then space
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Internet
If there is the date of article’s publication, indicate
Reid, A. (no date). A Practical Guide for Writing
Proposals . Retrieved October 24, 2003, from
http://www.leo.stcloudstate.edu/write/proposals
.html
Title of the article retrieved
Complete Url address
Note: If the author is not identified begin with the title of the document.
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CD-ROM click here
CD-ROM
Title of the CD-ROM
Interactive course of English Euro+ REWARDS
(Intermediate ed.), [CD- ROM]. (1998).
Available: Macmillan publishers limited [2003,
November 15].
In square brackets indicate the type
In brackets indicate the edition
In brackets year of publication
Date of access
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Periodicals (Newspaper)
Title of the article taken from NST
In sentence form (capitalize only the first word initial)
Friedman, R. A. Why the liars are so
ubiquitous. (2003, August 10). New
Sunday Times, pp. F8 & F11.
In brackets (year,space month day)
Initial letters of the newspaper’s title are capitalized
Newspapers’ title is italicized
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Pages (pp.) the article was taken
Journals click here
Periodicals (Journal)
Volume number followed with comma and space
Lyster, R. (1999). Question forms, conditionals, and secondperson pronouns used by adolescent native speakers
across two levels of formality in written and spoken
French. The Modern Language Journal, 80, 165-182.
Initial letters (Journal’s title) are capitalized
Journal’s title italicized
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Page numbers
Ends with a period
Magazine click here
Periodicals (Magazine)
In brackets indicate year followed with comma, month
Close bracket followed by a period.
Garner, H. J. (1997, July). Do babies have a
universal song? Psychology Today,102, 7077.
Title of the article
Sentence form
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Title of the magazine
Italicized
Initials capitalized
Encyclopedia
Preposition used
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New
Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Volume no. and pages in brackets
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Audio-visual resource (Films/videos)
Scmitdh A. G. (Producer), & Spielberg, S.
(Director). (2003). Winter on the Moon [Motion
picture]. California: Century Fox.
In square brackets indicate type
In brackets indicate year of production
Production company
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Music/song click here
Audio-visual resource (Music/song)
Composer
Title of the song
Jackson, M. (1999). Call the man [Recorded by
Celline Dion]. On Falling into You[CD]. New
York: BMI Music Limited.
Title of the album
Italicized
Initials capitalized
In square brackets indicate singer
If the composer is the singer, do not have to repeat
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The end click here
Ready to complete your proposal?
Get your secondary source ready.
Just in case you forgot… here are the
proposal’s requirements:
• Submission
• Evaluation