Transcript Ch.17 – Revolution & Enlightenment

Warm-Up: Galileo


In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church righted a
wrong it had inflicted upon a scientist in 1633.
Pope John Paul II admitted that the Church had
been wrong to bring Galileo Galilei before the
Roman Inquisition for his scientific teachings.
Galileo was shown the traditional instruments of
torture used by the Inquisition. Then he was given
the chance to recant (renounce) his views of
heresy. Galileo was placed under house arrest in
Florence for the rest of his life and forbidden to
teach.
What did Galileo teach that was heresy to the
church at that time?
Warm-Up: Philosopher Matchup
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Voltaire
Baron de
Montesquieu
Denis Diderot
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
John Locke
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Social Contract
The Encyclopedia
The Spirit of Laws
Candide
Two Treatises on
Government
Warm-Up: Laissez-faire


In 1776, a Scottish professor, Adam
Smith, published Wealth of Nations. This
book became the foundation for “laissezfaire” economics.
In 2-3 sentences, what is “laissezfaire”? How did it differ from
mercantilism?
TAKS Practice Question

The scientific revolution began a slow but
profound change in the way people viewed and
studied the world. Which of the following
expresses one of the major effects of the
scientific revolution?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The scientific revolution began to erode beliefs in
magical spells, witchcraft, and astrology.
The scientific revolution had an immediate impact on
agriculture and medicine.
The scientific revolution created wealth and power
for many scientists and thinkers.
The scientific revolution was a major cause of social
revolutions that followed it.
Chapter 17
Revolution
&
Enlightenment
Section 1:
The Scientific
Revolution
Section 2:
The Enlightenment
Astronomy

Ptolemy


Geocentric: placed the
earth at the center of
the universe
Copernicus

Heliocentric: placed
the sun at the center
of the universe;
planets revolve
around the sun; the
moon revolved around
the earth
Astronomy & Science

Galileo (mathematics)



Regularly observed the
“heavens” using a
telescope
Discovered mountains on
the moon, four moons
revolving around Jupiter
and sunspots
Church ordered him to
abandon his Copernican
ideas
Astronomy & Science

Newton


Principia: defined
the 3
laws of motion
Universal Law of
Gravity: every
object is attracted
to another object
in the universe by
gravity
Medicine

William Harvey

On the Motion of
the Heart and Blood
said the heart was
the beginning point
of circulation
 Proved blood flows
in both veins and
arteries – makes a
complete circuit
Circulatory System
Medicine

Robert Boyle

Boyle’s Law:
properties of gas
 Proved volume of
gas varies with
the pressure
exerted on it
 Founder of
modern chemistry
Women in Science

Margaret Cavendish



“We have no power at all over
natural causes and effects…for
man is but a small part, his
powers are but particular
actions of Nature, and he
cannot have a supreme and
absolute power.”
Point: man can not control
nature, their surroundings
Maria Winkelmann


Discovery of the comet
Applied for position of assistant
astronomer at the Berlin
Academy – rejected because
she was a woman and had no
degree
Scientific Method



Francis Bacon
A systematic procedure
for collecting and
analyzing evidence
Creating organized
experiments to test
hypotheses (theories)
would lead to correct
general principles
Reason

Descartes




“I think, therefore I am”
“The mind cannot be
doubted but the body
and material world can,
the two must be radically
different.”
Separation of mind and
matter (body)
Modern rationalism:
belief that reason is the
chief source of
knowledge
Father of Modern Philosophy
Philosophers



Philosophers were writers, professors, journalists, etc.
Nobility and middle class
Role of philosophy was to change the world
Voltaire
Belief in religious
toleration
 Deism: religious
philosophy based
on reason and
natural law
(creator of the
universe)

Diderot

Encyclopedia, or
Classified
Dictionary of the
Sciences, Arts, and
Trades (28
volumes)
 Attacked religious
superstition
 Supported religious
toleration
Economics


Adam Smith
Belief in free enterprise
would benefit society

Laissez-faire economics:

3 Roles of Government:
state should leave
economy alone



Protection (Army)
Injustice (Police)
Keeping up public works
(roads)
Montesquieu


French nobility
The Spirit of Laws
studied 3 governments





Republics: for small
states
Despotism: for large
states
Monarchies: for
moderate-size states
3 branches of
government
Separation of Powers
Thomas Hobbes



Leviathan (1651)
Life is not about morals,
but self-preservation
To save people from
destroying one
another, people must
form a state by
agreeing to be
governed by an
absolute ruler with
complete power
John Locke


Opposed absolute rule
Beliefs


People live in a state of freedom
and equality
People had natural rights –
rights with which people are
born


People need to be reasonable
towards government
Government should protect
peoples rights

If they don’t, the people have
the right to overthrow the
government
Rousseau
Argued that people
adopted laws and
government to
protect private
property
 Social Contract:
when an entire
society agrees to be
governed by its
general will

Mary Wollstonecraft



Vindication of the Rights
of Women
Noted that the same
people who argued that
women must obey men
also said that
government based on the
power of monarchs over
their subjects was wrong
Entitled to the same
rights as men
Reading & the French Salons


Increased literacy due to
more titles issued and the
development of
magazines
Salon: elegant rooms in
an urban house

Salons brought together
writers, artists, aristocrats,
government officials, and
wealthy middle-class
people
Religion in the Enlightenment




Looking for a deeper
devotion to God
Methodism – John
Wesley
Gave the lower & middle
classes in English society
a sense of purpose and
community
Stressed the importance
of hard work
The Baroque Period



During Catholic
reform movement
Mixture of
Renaissance ideals
with spiritual feelings
Reflected search for
power

Churches & Palaces
were magnificent &
richly detailed
The Arts



Ideas of the
Enlightenment impacted
the world of culture
Baroque: bold
ornamentation that
expressed grandeur and
power
Rococo: emphasized
grace, charm and gentle
action



Delicate designs and
graceful curves
Pursued pleasure,
happiness & love
Sense of enchantment and
enthusiasm
Music

Baroque Period


Bach

German organist & composer

Mass in B Minor
Handel



German composer
Known for his religious music –
Messiah
Classical Period

Haydn



Musical director
The Creation and The Seasons
Mozart


Child prodigy; failed to make big
financial gains – life was miserable
The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic
Flute, and Don Giovanni
Johann Sebastian Bach
Antonio Vivaldi – The
Four Seasons
George Frider Handel
– The Messiah
Baroque Musicians & Architecture
Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
– The Magic Flute
Johann Sebastian
Bach
Rococo/Classical Musicians & Architecture
William Shakespeare


Brought culture to the
masses
Elizabethan Literature:
Universal genius
combined language
skills with deep insight
into human psychology
and the human
condition
Romeo & Juliet
The Globe Theater
Ch.17 – Revolution &
Enlightenment
Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment
Enlightened Rulers
 Enlightened
Absolutism
 Rulers…
 Allow
religious toleration, freedom of
speech and of the press and the
rights of private property
 Nurture the arts, sciences, and
education
 Obey laws and enforce them fairly for
all subjects
Prussia
Frederick William I



Strove to maintain a highly
efficient bureaucracy
Doubled the army’s size – one of
the best armies in Europe
Believed in duty, obedience and
sacrifice
Frederick II




Enlarged army and kept strict
watch over bureaucracy
Abolished the use of torture
Granted freedom of speech and
press
Religious toleration
Austrian Empire
Maria Theresa



Difficult to rule because empire
was large
Worked to centralize the empire
and strengthen the power of the
state
Not open to reform
Joseph II

•




Abolished serfdom
Eliminated the death penalty
Established the principle of
equality for all
Enacted religious reforms –
religious toleration
Problem: alienated nobles by
freeing the serfs – lost popularity
Russia

Catherine the Great





Intelligent woman who
seemed to favor enlightened
Invited Diderot to Russia to
help develop reforms
Thought of his ideas as
impractical
Only considered equality for
all
Knew that success depended
on support from Russian
nobility