Transcript Zunker Ch 2, part 3 File

Career Counseling:
A Holistic Approach
CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT
PART 3: DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES &
PERSON-IN-ENVIRONMENT PERSPECTIVE
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Developmental Theories – Key Points
Career development is viewed as a lifelong,
continuous process that is very inclusive, involving
multiple life roles
Individuals make changes during developmental
stages and adapt to changing life roles
Self-concept – individuals project self into work
environment as a means of self-expression
A system of developmental tasks over the life span
provides key points for counseling interventions
Developmental needs are evaluated when
establishing counseling goals – e.g. adult concerns are
addressed & not just initial career choice (a strength
of developmental theories)
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Key points, cont.
Individuals circumscribe or narrow career
choice through self-awareness that is
determined by one’s social class, level of
interests, & experiences with sex-typing
A primary role is to assist clients to
understand how their unique development
influences perceptions of life roles, including
the work role
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Super: Life-Span, Life-Space
Vocational Self-Concept - the driving force that
establishes career patterns followed throughout life
Develops through physical & mental growth, observations
of work, identification with working adults, general
environment & general experiences
The process is multidimensional – Internal factors (aptitude,
values, personality) & Contextual factors (external
situational conditions )
Differences & similarities between self & others are
assimilated
As experiences become broader in relation to awareness of
the world of work, a more sophisticated vocational selfconcept is formed
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Developmental Stages & Tasks
Pages 48 – 50
Super considered ages & transitions as very
flexible and not occurring in a well-ordered
sequence
An individual can recycle through one or
more stages (minicycle)
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Career Maturity
Acquired through successfully accomplishing
developmental tasks within a series of life stages
Often unstable during highschool; Maturity in 9th grade is
predictive of success in young adulthood
Clients have a better chance of making optimal decisions
when most aware of the work world and of themselves
Students gain career maturity by learning how to plan for
the future & understand the benefits of planning
Recommend school curriculums that offer opportunities
for students to make connections between classroom
activities & future work roles
6 dimensions for adolescents – p. 51
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Life Stage Model
Life Career Rainbow – p. 52
2 dimensional: life span & life space
Roles are experienced in the following theaters:
Home, community, school, & workplace
Success in 1 role facilitates success in another
All roles affect each other - begs for a holistic
approach & for more research
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Archway Model (p. 53)
Archway of Career Determinants
Interactive learning forms the keystone (the
self)
Career development is a pervasive part of
life – life activities & developmental stages
are integrated
Developmentally based career guidance
programs must address a broad range of
variables & counseling techniques &
intervention strategies
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Evaluating Super’s Theory
Evaluations have been predominately
positive
Evolved during 60 years of research one of the most comprehensive
Criticized for being too vague –
concepts not defined well & difficult to
measure (e.g work satisfaction, career
maturity, & vocational development)
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Practical Applications
Career Development Assessment &
Counseling Model (C-DAC)
Super remained dedicated to the roles of
developmental stages within three main
segments of his theory: life space, life span,
& self-concepts
Numerous assessment instruments were
developed to measure developmental tasks
over the life span that are currently used in
the career counseling process.
Counseling steps: p 54 - 56
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Gottfredson’s Developmental Theory
of Occupational Aspirations (1981)
Offers a developmental, sociological
perspective of career development
Gottfredson’s theory answers the question, “Why
do children seem to re-create the social inequalities
of their elders long before they themselves
experience any barriers to pursuing their dreams?
◦ Career Development is a nature-nurture partnership
◦ Social identities are established through work
Stages of Development – p. 56
Stage 1: Orientation to size and power
Stage 2: Orientation to sex roles
Stage 3: Orientation to social valuation
Stage 4: Orientation to the internal, unique self
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Social Space – zone of acceptable alternatives in
each person’s cognitive map of occupations;
view of where one “fits” into society
 Circumscription - the process of determining
occupational preferences during self-concept
development; self-concept is heavily
influenced by social class or SES, intellectual
level & sex-typing
 Compromise - the process of modifying
career choices based on generalizations
formed about occupations (cognitive maps –
e.g. sex-type & prestige – p. 57) & external
realities (family obligations, educational opps)
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Career choice is a process of eliminating the
negative rather than selecting the most
positive.
We create boundaries or tolerable limits of
acceptable jobs.
Satisfaction – good fit between the choice &
self-concept
Counselors should respect the individuality
of all clients & make no assumptions about a
client’s interests, attitudes, & abilities
Practical Implications
Counselors should respect the individuality
of all clients & make no assumptions about a
client’s interests, attitudes, & abilities
Career education should begin with the very
young
Empower children & their choices by being
aware of the influence of circumscription &
compromise
Encourage clients to be realistic (p. 59)
Gottfredson’s Criteria for Determining a Counselee’s
Restriction of Options:
Able to name one or more occupational options
Possesses interests and abilities adequate for the
occupation(s) chosen
Satisfied with the alternatives identified
Has not unnecessarily restricted alternatives
Is aware of opportunities and realistic about
obstacles
Evaluation of Gottfredson
Some research shows that students widen
their range of career exploration during high
school, not narrow it
Limited to children – do you agree?
Anne Roe’s Personality Theory
of Career Choice
Anne Roe (1904-1991), a clinical
psychologist, considered the impact of
children’s early child-rearing environments
on their later career choice
Drawing upon Maslow’s (1954) needs
theory, Roe suggests that unmet needs
become important motivators in the
occupational choices people make; the level
is influenced by factors such as genetic
structure & SES
©2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Roe identified three primary modes of child
rearing environments:
◦emotional concentration (overprotectionoverdemanding),
◦avoidance (neglecting needs)
◦acceptance (physical and psychological
needs are met)
Roe suggests individuals choose occupation
fields based on their need structures.