Transcript Attitude - davis.k12.ut.us


Two questions social psychologists are interested
in:
› 1. Do our attitudes affect our actions?
› 2. Do our actions affect our attitudes?

To answer both questions, we need to define
and apply these terms …
1.
A belief and/or feeling
that predisposes one to
respond in a particular
way to objects, people,
and events.
2.
What is your attitude
about the candidates in
the 2016 presidential
election?

When we explain our
own and others’
behaviors, we make an
attribution.
› Why did you do that?
› Why did he/she do
that?
› Why does he/she say
that about Trump?
› Why does he/she say
that about Clinton?


Our attributions are a
reflection of our attitude.
Hence, attitude  action

Internal Factors




External Factors



About the person
About the personality
About the disposition
About internal factors
About the circumstances
About the environment
About the situation
About external factors
Situational attribution
“Maybe that driver is ill.”
Tolerant reaction
(proceed cautiously, allow
driver a wide berth)
Dispositional attribution
“Crazy driver!”
Unfavorable reaction
(speed up and race past the
other driver, give a dirty look)
Negative behavior
Fundamental Attribution
ERROR
 Attribute OTHER’s
behaviors to internal,
dispositional, personality
factors
 Attribute OUR OWN
behaviors to situational
factors.

The desire to perceive ourselves favorably in
comparison to others.
› This might motivate us to make the FAE
› Do your attitudes/attributions allow you to see
yourself favorably?
4.
What do you choose to focus on when
approaching each candidate and their
policies/politics?
 Do you come out ahead?
The world is just
 People get what they deserve
 People deserve what they get
 Have you seen examples of this?

bfw.thecopia.com
 Username – standard WXHS username
 Password for everyone: WXHS17


Let me know if you try to access and you can’t.
Everyone should have an account!
Attitude – belief/expectation that predisposes
 Attitude affects:

›
›
›
›

Attribution
Fundamental Attribution Error
Self-serving bias
Just World Phenomenon
Complete 6 together as a group.

Somebody makes a small request of you.
Foot-in-the-Door
› Can I just come in for a second?



Door –in-the-Face




Action: You comply with that small request
Now you are more likely to comply with a large
request.
Attitude: I’ve already done all of this, and now I
like this!
Somebody makes a HUGE request (that you will
never agree to).
Action: You turn them down
Now they make a much smaller request and you
comply easily (but you might not have done so
with out the first request).
Attitude: “This isn’t so bad.”

Action:
› Use foot-in-the door to get you to comply with
increasing request
Then they “pull the rug out from under you” by
lowering your expectation.
 Attitude:

› “I can’t turn back now, I’ve gone to far. I guess I’ll take
this lesser offer.”
Action: Somebody does something nice to you.
 Attitude: You feel obliged to do something nice
in return (even though they do not expect you to
do so).
Reciprocity for Penny

Central
Peripheral

Action:
You look for specific data/evidence
about the product to support your
purchase

Attitude: You decide to purchase or not based
on these factual pieces of evidence.

Action:
You are swayed by external,
extraneous information to support
your product purchase.

Attitude:
“I will be cooler, smarter, faster,
younger, etc. if I buy this.”
“Maybe this hot sales lady/gentleman will
like me if I buy this.”
Have you been swayed by anything peripheral?
 Have you been swayed by anything central?

8.
Complete the practice.

Swiftamine
Belief: we are aware of our personal attitude
 Inconsistent Behavior: we do something contrary
to what we believe
 Tension: This is the dissonance
 Cognitive Dissonance: In an effort to reduce the
tension we feel, we change our cognitions – we
change our belief/attitude

What is the belief?
What is the inconsistent behavior?
Is there tension (dissonance)?
Do they attempt to reduce the tension by
changing their attitude?
10.
What happened in our demonstration?
What did most people do?
What did most people NOT do?
Why?
Because everyone else was.
Nobody else seemed to mind.
I didn’t want to look strange
compared to everyone else.
11. Under certain conditions,
people will conform to a
group’s standards, even when
it is clearly WRONG.
› Confederates all choose
before
› Study of perception
(deception)
› All chose the wrong line
› Hypothesis: certain
conditions will strengthen
the likelihood of conformity


75% of participants
went along with the
group’s consensus at
least once.
Considering all trials
combined, subjects
agreed with the
group 1/3 of the
time.

Asch: (start a 7:07)
› Asch Study
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
one is made to feel incompetent or insecure.
the group has at least 3 people.
the group is unanimous.
one admires the group’s status.
one has make no prior commitment to any response (attitude
actions).
others in the group observe one’s behavior.
one’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards.
What is culture? – Consult CCN
What is a Cultural Norm?

Unwritten social rules that govern our behavior. (not a law or a
“rule” in the structured sense)

What is the “norm” for elevators? Elevator
How is it violated?
How did the “subject” respond?



Violating a norm is NOT just “acting wacky” or wearing crazy
clothes. It is determining the “normal” behavior and acting
differently.
*Norm Violation Extra Credit DUE: October 4
14.





Normative Social
Influence
We do not want others
to notice us
We don’t want to stand
out and be different
We want others to like us
We are “normal”?
We don’t want to violate
a social “norm”
15.
Informational Social
Influence

We don’t have enough
information to decide
against conforming
It appears that others
have more information
and “know” more than
we do.

Because you are the authority.
Because I might lose points.
Because you are in charge.
How far will we go to follow the orders of an
authority figure?
Stanley Milgram
Stanley Milgram (1963)
 One of the most famous and widely recognized
psychological studies.
 Raised the ethics of using humans in research.
 Wanted to understand WWII atrocities.
Mr. Wallace
Prediction: Average estimate was 1.2% to 450
volts; average estimated response was 135 volts.
Results:
 26 out of 40 (65%) went to 450 volts.
Voltage
75
120
150
200
300
330+
Learner response
grunts
shouts in pain
says he refuses to continue
blood-curdling screams
refuses to answer, heart condition
silence
Experimenter response
1. Please continue
2. The experiment requires you to continue.
3. It is absolutely essential that you continue.
4. You have no other choice but to continue.


Everything DUE NEXT
FRIDAY
The ONLY thing you can
turn in after Friday (and
only if you are absent
next Friday) is the review
and your notebook.


If you are absent on a
test day, you do not have
the option for a
recapture.
If you have
missing/absent work,
you MUST turn it in (and
have absences excused)
by FRIDAY.
1.
The person giving orders is close and perceived
as an authority.
1. Lab coat/clip board/nearby
2.
The person is supported by prestigious title.
1. Dr.
3.
The victim is depersonalized.
1. In another room
2. Referred to as “learner” or “prisoner # …”
4.
There were no role models for disobedience or
defiance.

Hoffling (1977)
› Nurses
› Doctor orders
› Over medication

The Third Wave
› Ron Jones
› The Wave
Because I’m a good student.
Because you ask us to do things
like this all the time.
Because you are in charge/I’m not.
What roles have you
played in your life?
Another powerful demonstration of the power of
social forces on our behavior.
Philip Zimbardo (1971)
The Stanford Prison Experiment
Zimbardo (start 13:03)
ROLES ARE POWERFUL –
YOU BECOME WHAT YOU DO!
Ties to the “real world.” Abu Ghraib prison
 17 soldiers removed
 11 demoted or court marshalled by
military
 2 did prison time (10 and 3 years)
 Zimbardo was a VERY vocal supporter
of those convicted.
(Ted Talk – The Psychology of Evil)
philip zimbardo
Social Faclitation

What is it?
›
Improved performance on a
task when others are present
› Your performance is
“facilitated” (made better) in a
social environment.

When does this help us
perform better?
›
When the task is simple/wellknown
› Free Throws

When does this hinder (make
worse) our performance?
›
›
›
When the task is difficult
Taking a test
Impromptu speech about a
topic you are unfamiliar with.

Social Loafing
› Doing LESS when you are
part of a group working
toward a common goal.
› Group must be large
enough to “hide” in
› You SOAK up all of others’
hard work (like bread).

Why does it happen?
› You are anonymous
› You can “hide”
› You lose your own self-
awareness
Deindividuation
 The loss of restraint or self-awareness in group
situations that foster arousal (internal) and
anonymity.
 This happens because we lose our sense of
individual identity.
 *Zimbardo Study
 *Milgram Study


Read through the
instructions
Complete the handout.