Transcript AP Psychology - Airport High School

• Unit 1 Introduction and Social
Psychology
Good Afternoon
• Find your seat. Seating chart
at table by front door.
• Please fill out your
information half sheets at
your desk while I take
attendance.
What do you know about me?
1. How old do you think I am?
2. Am I married?
3. Describe my husband?
4. What kind of car do I drive?
5. Where do I live?
6. What are my favorite TV shows?
7. What are my favorite movies?
8. What do I do for fun?
9. Do I play sports?
10. Am I Mac or PC?
11. Liberal/Conservative?
12. Large university/small college?
EQ? What do I need to know to be
successful this semester?
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Syllabus
Book
Procedures
Rules
Packets
Parent/Student Letter
Grades
Discipline yourself
Knowledge of Psychology Test (1.1)
Let’s take a test to see what you already
know about psych.
What is Psychology?
Brainstorm at your table.
How do we know what we know?
How do you know that George Washington was the first
president of the U.S.?
How do you know that you really have a stomach?
What bakes you so sure the sun will rise tomorrow?
How do you know what color I am wearing?
How can you be sure there aren’t little creatures inside
computers that are responsible for the things
computers do?
Are you sure that you don’t have a hole in the back of
your pants or skirt?
What defines psychology as a field of study?
• Psychology is the scientific study of behavior
and mental processes.
• Behavior includes all of our outward actions and
reactions.
• Mental process refer to all the internal, covert
activity of our minds such as thinking, feeling
and remembering.
What are psychology's four primary goals?
• Description: What is happening?
• Explanation: Why is it happening?
• Prediction: When will hit happened again?
• Control: How can it be changed?
How does a psychiatrist differ from a psychologist?
• Psychiatrist are medical doctors who
provide diagnosis and therapy for persons
with mental disorders.
• Psychoanalysts are psychiatrist or
psychologists with special training in the
theory of psychoanalysis.
• Psychologist have academic degrees and
can do counseling, teaching research and
may specialize in any one of a large number
of areas within psychology.
• Psychiatric social workers are social
workers with special training in the
influences of the environment on mental
illness.
What are the areas of specialization?
1.
Clinical – mild to sever psychological disorders
2.
Counseling – adjustment disorders & milder disorders
3.
Developmental – age-related changes across the life span
4.
Educational- educational learning and development
5.
School – working with children in schools
6.
Experimental/Cognitive – thinking, memory, motivation, learning,
perception
7.
Social – study of group behavior and influence on individuals
8.
Personality – individual difference & development of personality
9.
Physiological – study of the biological bases of behavior
Do pg. 20 Practice Quiz in text
Why is psychology considered a science?
Because the people involved use scientific
methods to study and do research. Psychology
uses it to determine facts and control the
possibilities of error and bias when observing
behavior.
Is psychology just
common sense?
What are the steps in using the
scientific method?
The five steps are:
1. Perceiving the
question
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Testing the
hypothesis
4. Drawing conclusions
5. Reporting results
How is compliance defined, and what are four
common ways to gain the compliance of another?
560
• Compliance occurs when a person changes behavior as
a result of another person asking or directing that
person to change.
• Foot-in-the-door technique asking for a small
commitment and after gaining compliance, asking for a
bigger commitment.
• The door-in-the-face technique asking for a large
commitment and being refused, then asking for a
smaller commitment.
• The low-ball technique getting a commitment from a
persona and then raising the cost of that commitment.
• The that’s-not-all technique the persuader makes and
offer and then adds something extra to make the offer
look better before the target person can make a
What factors make obedience more likely?
561
• Obedience changed one’s behavior at the direct order
of an authority figure.
• Milgram did experiments in which he found that 65% of
the people obeyed the authority figure.
• Research never found a trait or group of traits that were
correlated with obedience
• Under current ethical guidelines Mailgram's’ study
would not be allowed today.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1zlCybd
vdg
Predict the impact of the presence of others on
individual behavior?
• When the performance of an individual on a relatively
easy task is improved by the presence of others it is
called social facilitation.
• When the performance of an individual on a relatively
difficult task is negatively affected by the presence of
others, it is called social impairment.
• When a person who is lazy is able to work in a group of
people, that person often performs less well than if the
person were working alone is a phenomenon called
social loafing.
What are the three components of an attitude?
• The effective emotional component – the way a person
feels toward the object, person, or situation
• The behavioral component – is the action that a person
takes in regard to the person, object or situation.
• The cognitive component – is the way a person thinks
about the person, object or situation
• Attitudes are often poor predictors of behavior unless
the attitude is very specific, as is the behavior or is very
strong.
566
How are attitudes formed?
566
• Direct contact with the person,
situation, object or idea can help
form attitudes
• Attitudes can be formed through
direct instruction from parents or
others
• Interacting with people who hold
certain attitude can help an
individual form that attitude
• Attitudes can also be formed
through watch the actions and
reactions of others to ideas, people,
objects and situations (observational
learning)
How can attitudes change?
566
• Persuasion is the process by which one person tries to
changed the belief, opinion, position or course of action of
another person through argument, pleading, or explanation
How can attitudes change?
566
• The key elements in persuasion are:
• The source of the message –communicators who are perceived as
trustworthy, attractive, and similar to the recipient are more
effective
• The message itself – two-sided messages work better with wellinformed audience; moderated amounts of fear may be effective if
solutions are provided
• The target audience – young adults (late teens to early 20s) are
more susceptible to persuasion
How can attitudes change?
566
• The elaboration likelihood model is assumed that people
either elaborate on what they hear or don’t elaborate,
preferring to pay attention to the surface characteristics of
the message.
• Central route processing involves attending the content of the
message itself
• Peripheral-route processing involves attending to factors not
involved in the message such as the appearance of the source of
the message the length of the message, and other non-content
factors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ruh2MnYCNAw silly long 9 minutes
How do people react when attitudes and behavior are not
the same ?
570
• Cognitive dissonance is an emotional disturbance that occurs
when a persons actions do not match the person’s attitudes.
• It can be reduced by :
• Changed the conflicting behavior
• Changing the conflicting attitude
• Forming a new attitude to justify the behavior
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=korGK0yGIDo
Number your paper and answer the following questions.
1. World hunger is a serious problem that needs
attention.
2. Our country needs to address the growing number of
homeless.
3. The right to vote is one of the most valuable rights of
American citizens.
4. Our government should spend less money on nuclear
weapons and more on helping citizens better their
lives.
Flip your paper over and answer the following questions
with Yes or No.
1. Do you personally do anything to lesson world
hunger?
2. Do you personally do anything to help the homeless?
3. Did you vote in the last election for which you were
eligible?
4. Do you personal convey your feelings to the
government?
What are social categorization and implicit
personality theories?
572
• Social categorization is a process of Social
cognition in which a person, upon meeting
someone new, assigns that person to some
kind of category or group on the basis of
characteristics the person has in common
with other people or groups with whom the
perceiver has prior experience.
What are social categorization and implicit
personality theories?
572
• One form of social
characterization is a
stereotype, in which
the characters used to
assign a person to a
category are
superficial and
believed to be true of
all members of the
category.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCgx8zM3woQ
What are social categorization and implicit
personality theories?
572
• Implicit personality theory is a form of social
cognition in which a person has sets of
assumptions about different types of people,
personality traits, and actions that are
assumed to be related to each other.
• Schemas are mental patterns that represent
what a person believes about certain types of
people. Schemas can be come stereotypes
• Implicit personality theories may differ by
culture.
How do people try to explain the actions of others?
574
• Attribution is the process of explaining the behavior of others as well as
one’s own behavior
• A situational cause is an explanation of behavior based on factors in the
surrounding environment tor situation
• A dispositional cause is an explanation of behavior based on the internal
personality characters of the person being observed.
• Fundamental attribution errors is the tendency to overestimate the
influence of internal factors on behavior while underestimating the
influence of the situation
• Ways to reduce the fundamental attribution error include noticing how
many other people do the same thing and considering what one might
do in the same situation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkWTCXDCVvc
How do people try to explain the actions of others?
574
• Attribution is the process of explaining the behavior of others as well as
one’s own behavior
• A situational cause is an explanation of behavior based on factors in the
surrounding environment tor situation
• A dispositional cause is an explanation of behavior based on the internal
personality characters of the person being observed.
• Fundamental attribution errors is the tendency to overestimate the
influence of internal factors on behavior while underestimating the
influence of the situation
• Ways to reduce the fundamental attribution error include noticing how
many other people do the same thing and considering what one might
do in the same situation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkWTCXDCVvc
How are prejudice and discrimination different?
• Prejudice is a negative attitude that a person holds
about the members of a particular social group
• Discrimination occurs when members of a social group
are treated differently because of prejudice toward
that group.
• Types
• Forms of prejudice: ageism, sexism, racism and weight
• In-groups are the people with whom a persons
identifies, while out-groups are everyone else at who
the prejudice tends to be directed
• Conflict between groups increases prejudice and
discrimination according to realistic conflict theory.
576
Why are people prejudice?
579
• Social cognitive theory views prejudice as an attitude
acquired through direct instruction, modeling and other
social influences.
• Social identity theory sees a persons’ formation of social sees
of self within a p articular group as being due to there things:
1.
2.
3.
Social categorization (may involve the use of reference groups)
Social identity the persons sense of belonging to a particular social
group
Social comparison in which people compare themselves to other to
improve their own self-esteem.
Why are people prejudice?
579
• Stereotype venerability refers to the effect that a person’s
knowledge of the stereotypes that exist against that person’s
social group can have on that person’s behavior.
• People who are aware of stereotypes may unintentionally
come to behave in a way to make the stereotypes real in a
self-fulfilling prophecy
• Stereotype threat – members of a stereotyped group are
made anxious and wary of any situation in which their
behavior may confirm stereotype
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGEUVM6QuMg
Dear Diary Activity
You are writing a diary entry that reflects a time you felt ostracized, a time
you were outside of the mainstream. Reflect on how you felt in that
situation.
FCAs
1. Two well formed paragraphs 2o points.
2. At least four numbered descriptions of emotion within the paragraphs.
40 points.
Can we overcome prejudice?
579
• Intergroup contact is more effective in reducing prejudice if
the status of the groups is equal
• Prejudice and discrimination can also be reduced with a
superordinate goal that is large enough to override all other
goals needs to be achieved by all groups
• Prejudice and discrimination are reduced when people must
work together to solve a problem that has a mutual
interdependence.
What factors govern attraction and love?
579
• Liking or having the desire for a relationship with another
person
• People tend to form relationship with people who are
psychically in the same area or proximity to them
• People are attracted to others who are similar to them in
some way
• People may also be attracted to people who are different
from themselves, with the differences acting as a
complementary support for areas in which each may be lack
• People tend to like other people who like them in
return…called reciprocity of liking
What factors govern attraction and love?
579
• Love is a strong affection for another person due to either
kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or
common interests
• Sternberg states the three components of love are intimacy,
passion, and commitment
How is aggressive behavior determined by biology
and learning?
585
• Genetics – identical twins are more similar in level of
aggressive tendencies than fraternal twins
• The amygdala and limbic system – trigger aggressive
response when stimulated
• Testosterone – high levels are associated with aggression
• Serotonin levels – low levels are associated with aggression
• Alcohol use – associates with decrease in serotonin
How is aggressive behavior determined by biology
and learning?
585
• The Power of Social Roles
• Social roles are powerful influences on the expression of
aggression
• Social – pattern of behavior that is expected of that person in a
particular social situation
• Zimbardo’s classic prison experiment illustrated the powerful
influence of social roles in ordinary college students. Students
who were the ”guards” often became cruel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir9G8RF1
NXY
Documentary
How is aggressive behavior determined by biology
and learning?
585
• The Power of Social Roles
• Social roles are powerful influences on the expression of
aggression
• Social – pattern of behavior that is expected of that person in a
particular social situation
• Zimbardo’s classic prison experiment illustrated the powerful
influence of social roles in ordinary college students. Students
who were the ”guards” often became cruel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir9G8RF1
NXY
Documentary
What is altruism, and how is deciding to help
someone related to the presence of others?
588
• Prosocial behavior is behavior that is socially desirable and
benefits others.
• Altruism is prosocial behvior in which a person helps someone
else without expectation of reward or recognition, often without
fear for one’s own safety
• The Bystander Effect
• Means people are more likely to get help from others if there are
one or only a few people nearby rather than a large number.
The more people the less likely help will be offered.
• When others are present in a situation where help could be
offered there is a diffusion of responsibility among all the
bystanders…so that not any one person feels responsible for
helping..
The Helping Decision
588
• Latane and Darley found people who were alone more likely to
help in an emergency.
• Five Steps
1. Noticing- realizing that there is a situation that might be an
emergency
2. Defining and emergency – interpreting cues as a signal of
emergency
3. Taking responsibility – personally assuming the responsibility
to act
4. Planning a course of action – deciding how to help and what
skills may be needed
5. Taking action – actually helping
Why do people join cults?
592
Who Joins?
•
People who join cults tend to be under stress, unhappy,
unassertive, gullible, dependent, want to belong, and are
idealistic
• You people are more likely to join cults than older people.
Why do people join cults?
592
Techniques used by cults
• Love bombing – shower recruit with affection and attention
• Isolation – keep recruit from family and friends
• Rituals – mediations', rules, procedures
• Activities to keep the new recruits from questions and critical
thinking- teach cult members how to stop the recruits questions
• The foot-in-the-door technique – commitments to the cult are
small at first.