Transcript Chapter 4 PPT

Chapter 4
SOCIALIZATION
Section 1
THE IMPORTANANCE OF SOCIALIZATION
SOCIALIZATION & PERSONALITY
 Socialization
the process of learning to
participate in a group
 How do we know socialization is
important?
 How do monkeys react to social isolation?
 Harry Harlow
 Can
we generalize from monkeys to
humans?
HARLOW EXPERIMENT
CASE STUDIES ON ISOLATED CHILDREN: ANNA &
ISABELLE
 Anna & Isabelle were socially and
abused
 Traumatic childhoods
emotionally
Briefly describe
Harlow’s
experiment.
He took new born Rhesus monkeys
and separated then from their
mothers. They were then observed
on their choice between 2 robot
monkeys, one with soft covering and
the other without covering but
having food. The stimulus used was
a loud siren and lights to scare the
monkeys.
How do Harlow’s
findings related to
humans?
Human babies have
emotional needs such as
affection, intimacy, and
warmth. If they do not get
these things they have
difficulty forming
emotional ties with others.
What things can be learned from
the story of Anna?
• Ignoring the emotional needs of a child
will seriously slow their ability to learn &
function within society. This can also
cause great physical damage as well.
What things are hypothesized
from Isabelle?
* Intensive and
prolonged social
contact with others is
key to being healthy
• Even though she
was not
educated, her
ability to learn
was not hindered
because she was
stimulated
emotionally.
Section 2
SOCIALIZATION & THE SELF
Agents of Socialization
• Institutions pass on expectations about
appropriate social behavior:
• Family
• Media
• Peers
• Religion
• Sports
The Family
• Families introduce children to the expectations of
society.
• How parents define and treat a child is crucial to the
development of the child’s sense of self.
• Some families emphasize educational achievement;
some may be more permissive, whereas others
emphasize strict obedience and discipline.
The Media
• The average young person (age 8–19) spends 6 3/4
hours per day immersed in media in various forms,
often using multiple media forms simultaneously.
• Television is the dominant medium, although half of
all youth use a computer daily.
• Analysts estimate that by age 18, the average child
will have witnessed at least 18,000 simulated
murders on television.
Polling Question
• Which media source do you think has the
strongest impact on attitudes and behaviors
of your generation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Advertising
Television
Music and music videos
The Internet
Magazines
Peers
• For children, peer culture is an important source of
identity.
• Through interaction with peers, children learn
concepts of self, gain social skills, and form values
and attitudes.
– Girls’ peer groups tend to be closely knit and
egalitarian.
– Boys’ peer groups tend to be more hierarchical,
with evident status distinctions between
members.
Religion
• Children tend to develop the same religious beliefs
as their parents.
• Very often those who disavow religion return to
their original faith at some point in their life,
especially if they have strong ties to their family of
origin and after they form families of their own.
• Religious socialization also influences beliefs about
sexuality, including the likelihood of tolerance for
gay and lesbian sexuality.
Sports
• Through sports, men and women learn concepts of
self.
• Men learn that being competitive in sports is
considered a part of “manhood.”
• Current research finds that women in sports
develop a strong sense of bodily competence, which
is typically denied to them by the prevailing cultural
images of women’s bodies.
Student-Athletes: The Impact of
Title IX
Schools
• In school, teachers and other students are the
source of expectations that encourage children to
think and behave in particular ways.
• Research finds that teachers respond differently to
boys than to girls, with boys receiving more of their
attention.
• The hidden curriculum consists of the informal and
often subtle messages about social roles conveyed
through classroom interaction and materials.
Polling Question
•
Which agent of socialization do you think is the
most responsible for gender differences in how
males and females are socialized?
A. The family
B. Religion
C. The peer group
D. Education
E. Mass media
Moments in America for Children
• Every 9 seconds a high school student drops out.
• Every 20 seconds a child is arrested.
• Every 37 seconds a child is born to a mother who is
not a high school graduate.
• Every 43 seconds a child is born into poverty.
• Every minute a child is born to a teen mother.
• Every 2 minutes a child is born at low birth weight.
Moments in America for Children
• Every 4 minutes a child is born to a mother who
received late or no prenatal care.
• Every 4 minutes a child is arrested for drug abuse.
• Every 8 minutes a child is arrested for a violent
• crime.
• Every 19 minutes a baby dies.
Moments in America for Children
• Every 3 hours a child or youth under 20 is killed by a
firearm.
• Every 3 hours a child or youth under 20 is a
homicide victim.
• Every 5 hours a child or youth under 20 commits
suicide.
• Every day a young person under 25 dies from HIV
infection.
THE FUNCTIONALIST & CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES
ON SOCIALIZATION
 How does
the functionalist perspective explain
socialization?
 Stresses
the ways in which groups work together to
create a stable society
 How does
the conflict perspective explain
socialization?
 Views socialization
as perpetuating the status quo
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM & SOCIALIZATION
 How does symbolic interactionism help
us understand socialization?
The self-concept (an image of yourself as having an identity separate from
other people)
 The looking-glass self (an image of yourself based on what you
believe others think of you

The Looking-glass Self
What are the 3
stages of the looking
glass self process?
1. Imagine how we appear to
others
2. Imagine the reaction of others to
our appearance
3. Evaluate ourselves according to
how we imagine others have
judged us
*Not a conscience process/ Stages
happen rapidly/ results can be
positive and negative self
evaluation
An example would be getting ready for
date.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM & SOCIALIZATION
 How does symbolic interactionism help
us understand socialization?
Significant others (those people whose reactions are most important to
you)

Significant others (those people whose reactions are most important to
you)

Role taking (assuming the viewpoint of another person and using
that viewpoint to shape the self concept)

Imitation stage Mead’s first stage in the development of role taking, children begin
to imitate behaviors without understanding why
 Play stage Mead’s second stage in the development of role taking, children act in
ways they imagine other people would
 Game stage Mead’s third stage in the development of role taking, children
anticipate the actions of others based on social rules

The generalized other (
integrated conception of the norms,
values, and beliefs of one’s community or
society)
“me” is the part of the self formed
through socialization
“I” is the part of the self that accounts
for unlearned, spontaneous acts
Compare the “ME” & “I”
Me
I
• Predictable/ Created by
socialization
• Directs 1st reaction to
socially acceptable
channels
• Can be overridden by I
• Spontaneous/Unlearned
or Instinctual
• Acts in rage or excitement
• 1st reaction
• Can be directed by me
• Can over ride me
FOCUS ON THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
Theoretical Perspective
View of Socialization
How the Media Influence
Socialization
Functionalism
Stresses how socialization
contributes to a stable
society.
Network television
programs encourage social
integation by exposing the
entire society to shared
beliefs, values and norms.
Conflict Theory
View socialization as a way
for the powerful to keep
things the same.
Newspaper owners and
editors exercise power by
setting the political agenda
for a community
Symbolic Interactionism
Holds that socialization is
the major determinant of
human nature
Through words and
pictures, children’s books
expose the young to the
meaning of love,
manners,
and motherhood.
Section 3
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
THE FAMILY & SOCIALIZATION
 Within
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
the family the child learns to:
Think & speak
Internalize norms, beliefs, and values
Form some basic attitudes
Develop a capacity for intimate and personal
relationships
Acquire a self-image
Who are the most common
significant others?
• Your Parents
• Later in life
your peers
What things does
a child learn from
their family?
•Think & Speak
•Internalize norms, beliefs, & value
•Form basic attitudes
•Develop capacity for intimate &
personal relationships
•Acquire self image
*Impact reaches far beyond its
direct effect, families social class
shapes what we think of ourselves &
how we are treated by others.
SOCIALIZATION IN SCHOOLS
 How do
schools socialize students?
Hidden curriculum (the informal and official
aspects of culture that children are taught in
school)
 John
Holt
What things are learned through
school besides academics?
• Discipline/Order/Cooperation/Conformity
• Idea of time & schedule
• Rules & Regulations
• Rewards of praise/
Acceptance for proper
behavior
• Young people must
depend on each other for
their social life
PEER GROUP SOCIALIZATION
 How do

peer groups contribute to socialization?
Peer groups (set of individuals of roughly the same
age and interests)
 Do
friends or family have more influence on
young people? Judith Harris
Briefly summarize the
importance of peer groups.
• Different relationships:
School/Family vs. Peer
Group
• Experience conflict,
competition, and
cooperation
• Self direction  new ways
of thinking, feeling,
behaving, & engaging in
self-expression
Briefly summarize the
importance of peer groups.
• Independence from adults
due to clashing norms of
peer group
• Development of selfsufficiency
• Close ties with non-family
and opposite sex
• Dealing with large
numbers of different
people
* Peer groups have a growing
effect on social
development.
THE MASS MEDIA AND SOCIALIZATION
 What
role do the mass media play to
socialization?
 What about violence in the mass media
(meansof communication designed to
reach the general population)?
What roles do mass media play
in socialization?
Pros
• Displays role model for
children to imitate
• Offer Children ideas about
values in their society
• Provide images of :
– Achievement & Success
– Activity & Work
– Equality & Democracy
Cons
• Display violence and
violent behavior
• Depicts ideas of
discrimination & sexism
• Effects are hidden, subtle,
and long term
Section 4
PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION
DESOCIALIZATION & RESOCIALIZATION


How does desocialization prepare people for new learning?
 Total institutions places in which people are separated
from the rest of society & controlled by officials in charge
 Desocialization the process of giving up old norms,
values,
attitudes & behaviors
How does resocialization help?
 Resocialization the process of adopting new norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors
Summarize Desocialization &
explain how it is done.
• Destruction of old selfconcepts of personal
identity
• Desocialization is done by:
– Replacing personal items
with standard issue
– Using serial numbers to
identify, instead of
names
– Loss of privacy
GI JANE
ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION
 Anticipatory socialization
the
voluntary process of preparing to accept
new norms, values, attitudes, and
behaviors
 Reference group group whose norms and
values are used to guide behavior, group with
whom you identify
Who would fall
into Anticipatory
Socialization?
•Pre-teens/ Teenagers/ and College
Freshman
•This is a transition between
something.
•Usually done on a voluntary basis.
Children in the United States
The World’s Children