Transcript Document

• OLTP
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Batch processing Databases
Batch processing is also used for
efficient bulk database updates and
automated transaction processing, as
contrasted to interactive online
transaction processing (OLTP)
applications. The extract, transform,
load (ETL) step in populating data
warehouses is inherently a batch
process in most implementations.
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Enterprise resource planning Disadvantages
1
Due to ERP's architecture (OLTP, On-Line
Transaction Processing) ERP systems are
not well suited for production planning and
supply chain management (SCM).
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Database normalization Denormalization
1
OLTP applications are characterized
by a high volume of small
transactions such as updating a sales
record at a supermarket checkout
counter
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Online analytical processing
The term OLAP was created as a
slight modification of the traditional
database term OLTP (Online
Transaction Processing).
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Online analytical processing - Aggregations
1
It has been claimed that for complex
queries OLAP cubes can produce an
answer in around 0.1% of the time
required for the same query on OLTP
relational data
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ROLAP
While ROLAP uses a relational
database source, generally the
database must be carefully designed
for ROLAP use. A database which was
designed for OLTP will not function well
as a ROLAP database. Therefore,
ROLAP still involves creating an
additional copy of the data. However,
since it is a database, a variety of
technologies can be used to populate
the database.
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Operational system - Synonyms
Sometimes operational systems are
referred to as operational databases,
transaction processing systems, or online
transaction processing systems (OLTP).
However, the use of the last two terms as
synonyms may be confusing, because
operational systems can be batch
processing systems as well.
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Online transaction processing
1
OLTP has also been used to refer to
processing in which the system
responds immediately to user
requests
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Online transaction processing - Requirements
1
In large applications, efficient OLTP may
depend on sophisticated transaction
management software (such as CICS)
and/or database optimization tactics to
facilitate the processing of large numbers
of concurrent updates to an OLTP-oriented
database.
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Online transaction processing - Requirements
For even more demanding
decentralized database systems, OLTP
brokering programs can distribute
transaction processing among multiple
computers on a network. OLTP is often
integrated into service-oriented
architecture (SOA) and Web services.
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Online transaction processing - Requirements
1
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
involves gathering input information,
processing the information and
updating existing information to
reflect the gathered and processed
information. As of today, most
organizations use a database
management system to support OLTP.
OLTP is carried in a client server
system.
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Online transaction processing - Benefits
Online Transaction Processing has two
key benefits: simplicity and efficiency.
Reduced paper trails and the faster, more
accurate forecasts for revenues and
expenses are both examples of how OLTP
makes things simpler for businesses.
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Dataflow programming - State
1
Explicit parallelism is one of the main
reasons for the poor performance of
Enterprise Java Beans when building
data-intensive, non-OLTP applications.
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IBM DB2 - History
1
Other enhancements include OLTP-related
improvements for distributed platforms,
business intelligence/data warehousingrelated improvements for z/OS, more selftuning and self-managing features,
additional 64-bit exploitation (especially
for virtual storage on z/OS), stored
procedure performance enhancements for
z/OS, and continued convergence of the
SQL vocabularies between z/OS and
distributed platforms.
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IBM DB2 - History
1
DB2 pureScale is a database cluster
solution for non-mainframe platforms,
suitable for Online Transaction
Processing (OLTP) workloads
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IBM DB2 - Competition
DB2 pureScale is a shared-disk
database cluster solution that is ideal
for high-capacity Online Transaction
Processing (OLTP) workloads
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OLAP
The term OLAP was created as a
slight modification of the traditional
database term OLTP (Online
Transaction Processing).
1
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OLTP
The term is somewhat ambiguous; some
understand a transaction in the context of
computer or database transactions, while
others (such as the Transaction Processing
Performance Council) define it in terms of
business or financial transaction|commercial
transactions.[ http://www.tpc.org/ Transaction
Processing Performance Council website]
OLTP has also been used to refer to
processing in which the system responds
immediately to user requests
1
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Oracle Linux - RHEL compatibility
1
* Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel - based
on a later Linux 2.6-series kernel, with
Oracle's own enhancements for online
transaction processing|OLTP, InfiniBand,
and Solid-state drive|SSD disk access,
Non-Uniform Memory Access|NUMAoptimizations, Reliable Datagram Sockets
(RDS), asynchronous I/O|async I/O,
OCFS2, and networking.
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MaxDB - Distinguishing features
MaxDB offers built-in hot backup,
does not need any online
reorganizations and claims to be SQL
92 Entry-Level compatible. One
current development goal is zero
administration and by this low TCO. It
is also fair to expect good online
transaction processing (OLTP)
performance combined with relatively
low hardware requirements.
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MySQL Archive
The engine is not ACID compliant. Unlike
OLTP engines, it uses a stream format to disk
with no block boundaries. The head of the
Archive file generated is a byte array
representing the data format and contents of
that file. In MySQL 5.1, a copy of the MySQL
FRM file is stored in the header of each
Archive file. The FRM file, which represents
the definition of a table, allows an Archive file
to be restored to a MySQL server if the
Archive file is copied to the server.
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Informix
1
IBM has continued active development and
marketing of the key Informix products, the
current version of which (12.1) forms the
basis of several product editions with
variation in capacity and functionality. The
Informix database has been used in many
high transaction rate online transaction
processing|OLTP applications in the retail,
finance, energy and utilities, manufacturing
and transportation sectors. More recently
the server has been enhanced to support
data warehouse workloads.
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Windows Server 2003 - Windows Storage Server
1
Windows Storage Server 2003 can also
be used to create a Storage Area
Network, in which the data is
transferred in terms of chunks rather
than files, thus providing more
granularity to the data that can be
transferred. This provides higher
performance to database and
OLTP|transaction processing
applications. Windows Storage Server
2003 also allows NAS devices to be
connected to a SAN.
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Adabas - History
1
ADABAS has maintained its position as
one of the world's fastest Online
transaction processing|OLTP databases,
offering 24x7 functioning, Parallel
Sysplex support, real-time replication
capability, SQL and XML access and
other capabilities. Historically, ADABAS
was used in conjunction with Software
AG's programming language NATURAL,
so that many legacy applications that
use ADABAS as a database on the backend are also developed with NATURAL as
well.
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Essbase
1
In contrast to on-line transaction processing
(OLTP), OLAP defines a database
technology optimized for processing human
queries rather than transactions. The results
of this orientation were that Multidimensional
database|MDBMS oriented their performance
requirements around a different set of
Benchmark (computing)|benchmarks
(Analytic Performance Benchmark, APB-1)
than that of RDBMS (Transaction Processing
Performance Council (TPC)).
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IBM Information Management Software
* IBM Informix Dynamic
Server|Informix Dynamic Server
mdash; high-throughput database
server for online transaction
processing (OLTP)
1
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Firebird (database server) - The Multi-Generational Architecture (MGA)
1
The multi-generational architecture
ensures that OLTP and DSS/OLAP
operations can be run simultaneously
without the delays caused by locking
mechanisms found in other products.
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Column oriented database - Column-oriented systems
1
This is a simplification. Moreover, Partition
(database)|partitioning, Index
(database)|indexing, caching, views, OLAP
cubes, and transactional systems such as
write ahead logging or multiversion
concurrency control all dramatically affect the
physical organization of either system. That
said, online transaction processing (OLTP)focused RDBMS systems are more roworiented, while online analytical processing
(OLAP)-focused systems are a balance of
row-oriented and column-oriented.
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Column oriented database - Benefits
In practice, row-oriented storage
layouts are well-suited for OLTP-like
workloads which are more heavily
loaded with interactive transactions.
Column-oriented storage layouts are
well-suited for OLAP-like workloads
(e.g., data warehouses) which typically
involve a smaller number of highly
complex queries over all data (possibly
terabytes).
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SAP HANA - History
1
SAP HANA originates from developed
or acquired technologies, including
TREX search engine, an In-memory
database|in-memory column-oriented
DBMS|column-oriented search engine,
P*TIME, an in-memory OLTP database
acquired by SAP in 2005, and MaxDB
with its in-memory liveCache engine.
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Michael Stonebraker - H-Store and VoltDB
1
In 2007, with researchers from Brown
University, MIT, and Yale University,
Stonebraker started the
[http://hstore.cs.brown.edu/ H-Store]
project. H-Store is a distributed mainmemory online transaction
processing|OLTP system designed to
provide very high throughput on
transaction processing workloads.
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Tuxedo (software) - History
1
The original development targeted the
creation and administration of operations
support systems for the US telephone
company that required online transaction
processing (OLTP) capabilities.
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Processor architecture - Multiprocessing and multithreading
This trend is sometimes known as
throughput computing. This idea
originated in the mainframe market where
OLTP|online transaction processing
emphasized not just the execution speed
of one transaction, but the capacity to
deal with massive numbers of
transactions. With transaction-based
applications such as network routing and
web-site serving greatly increasing in the
last decade, the computer industry has reemphasized capacity and throughput
1
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Oracle Exadata
1
'Oracle Exadata' is a Data warehouse
appliance|database appliance with
support for both OLTP (transactional)
and OLAP (analytical) database
systems.
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Versant Object Database - Performance
One of the candidates considered was
Transaction Processing Performance
Council|TPC-E, which was supposed to be
the new OLTP standard database
benchmark with new complex models
aimed at being representative of today’s
computing environment
1
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Versant Object Database - Applications
1
Usually the “best kind of application”
to use a Versant database are those
applications requiring an application
specific database of an OLTP nature.
There are certain application
characteristics where Versant
technology provides better
performance and scalability than
traditional relational technology:
complex models, large amount of
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ERP software - Disadvantages
* Due to ERP's architecture (OLTP,
On-Line Transaction Processing) ERP
systems are not well suited for
production planning and supply chain
management (SCM).
1
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Timesten - Memory-resident Database
1
One customer has a production TimesTen
database approaching two terabytes in
size utilized for OLTP|on-line transaction
processing.
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Hekaton (database)
1
'Hekaton' (also known as SQL Server InMemory OLTP) is the project code name for
an upcoming high performance In-memory
Database for OLTP workloads built into
Microsoft SQL
Server.http://blogs.technet.com/b/dataplatfor
minsider/archive/2012/11/08/breakthroughperformance-with-in-memorytechnologies.aspx Traditional RDBMS
architecture was designed when memory
resources were expensive, and was
optimized for disk input/output|I/O
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Hekaton (database)
The end result is a selective and
incremental migration into In-memory
OLTP to provide predictable submillisecond low latency and high
throughput with linear scaling for DB
transactions
1
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Hekaton (database)
This SQL Server In-memory OLTP
capability will be released in SQL 2014
version.http://www.zdnet.com/microsoftssql-server-2014-more-than-just-inmemory-oltp-7000016672/ The Data
Warehousing In-memory technology is
also available - as in the Columnstore
technology.
1
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Rapid Virtualization Indexing
1
A VMware research paper found that RVI
offers up to 42% gains in performance
compared with software-only (shadow
page table) implementation. Tests
conducted by Red Hat showed a doubling
in performance for OLTP benchmarks.
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General Comprehensive Operating System - System architecture and concepts
GCOS is a multithreading,
multiprogramming operating system
originally oriented towards batch
processing, although later versions
incorporated enhancements for
timesharing and online transaction
processing environments. Systems
running GCOS today use it mainly for
batch and OLTP, or as a backend
enterprise server.
1
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Tandem Computers - Founding
1
Treybig first saw the market need for fault
tolerance in OLTP (online transaction
processing) systems while running a
marketing team for Hewlett Packard's HP
3000 computer division, but HP was not
interested in developing for this niche
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Tandem Computers - TNS stack machines
1
Cyclone's name was supposed to represent its
unstoppable speed in roaring through OLTP
workloads
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Tandem Computers - Other product lines
1
Development of Rainbow's advanced
client/server application
development framework called
Crystal continued awhile longer and
was spun off as the Ellipse product of
Cooperative Systems Inc.Exec details
firm's net-based OLTP tools, Network
World, March 16, 1992
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IBM Storage - IBM FlashSystem 840
1
With read IOPS of 1,100,000 and write
IOPS of 600,000, FlashSystem 840 is
targeted for OLTP and OLAP
databases, scientific applications and
cloud solutions.
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User experience evaluation - Video Games
1
Boltpeters.com
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Transaction processing system - History
1
The Hewlett-Packard NonStop system
(formerly Tandem Computers|Tandem
NonStop) was a hardware and software
system designed for Online
Transaction Processing (OLTP)
introduced in 1976. The systems were
designed for transaction processing
and provided an extreme level of
availability and data integrity.
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Transaction processing system - List of transaction processing systems
1
* Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
Application Control and Management
System (ACMS) - 1985. Provides an
environment for creating and controlling
online transaction processing (OLTP)
applications on the VMS Operating
System. Runs on VAX/OpenVMS|VMS
systems.
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IBM TXSeries
IBM 'TXSeries for Multiplatforms' is a
distributed CICS (Customer Information
Control System) online transaction
processing (OLTP) environment for mixed
language applications.
1
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IBM TXSeries - Features and benefits
1
As a part of CICS family, TXSeries for
Multiplatforms is a distributed CICS
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
environment for mixed language
applications. It is used for integrating
data and applications between
distributed solutions and enterprise
systems, and the deployment of CICS
applications written in COBOL, C / C++,
and PL/I.
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Informix Corporation - Dynamic Scalable Architecture
DSA involved a major rework of the core
engine of the product, supporting both
horizontal parallelism and vertical parallelism,
and based on a multi-threaded core well
suited towards the symmetric multiprocessing
systems that Sequent pioneered and that
major vendors like Sun Microsystems and
Hewlett-Packard would eventually follow up
on. The two forms of parallelism made the
product capable of market-leading levels of
scalability, both for OLTP and data
warehousing.
1
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Informix Corporation - IBM buys Ascential
1
* Informix Extended Parallel Server (XPS,
V8) - a high-end version based on V7
code base for use on clusters and MPP
machines. Focused on Data Warehouse
workloads, but with full OLTP capability.
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Unify Corporation - History
1
Unify was co-founded in 1980 by Nico
Nierenberg, William Bill Osberg, and
David
Edwards.http://investor.unify.com/ph
oenix.zhtml?c=113617p=irolnewsArticleID=570219 In 1986 it
released Accell IDS, one of the first
integrated 4GL applications, and the
next year released Unify 2000, an
OLTP database engine written in C
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Gustave Le Bon - Selected works
* Psychologie des Temps Nouveaux
(1920);
[http://www.archive.org/stream/worldinrevo
ltpsy00lebo#page/n5/mode/2up The World
in Revolt] (1921)
1
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Centrelink - History and operations
1
Centrelink operates one of the largest and
highest throughput OLTP database
systems in Australia, and is one of the
largest users in Australia of Model 204.
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South African wireless community networks - Rural Wireless Community Networks
1
In these communities, wireless mesh
networks may have great medical,
educational and economic value,
giving affordable telephone and
internet access when coupled with
initiatives such as One Laptop per
Child that aim to provide low-cost
devices[http://laptop.org/en/vision/i
ndex.shtml One Laptop Per Child]
OLTP.org
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Functional dependency - Heath's theorem
(This elimination of redundancy is an
advantage in OLTP contexts, where many
changes are expected, but not so much in
OLAP contexts, which involve mostly
queries.) Heath’s decomposition leaves
only X to act as a foreign key in the
remainder of the big table \pi_(R).
1
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Oracle RAC - Evolution
Most of the biggest Online transaction
processing|OLTP benchmarks are on Oracle RAC
1
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Unbreakable Linux - RHEL compatibility
) - based on a later Linux 2.6-series
kernel, with Oracle's own
enhancements for online transaction
processing|OLTP, InfiniBand, and Solidstate drive|SSD disk access, NonUniform Memory Access|NUMAoptimizations, Reliable Datagram
Sockets (RDS), asynchronous
I/O|async I/O, OCFS2, and networking.
1
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Demographics of Chicago - Population
1
As of the 2010 United States Census|2010
Census, Chicago has the third-largest
Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto
Rican population in the continental United
States,[http://omsa.uchicago.edu/resource
s/altguide/humboltpark.shtml Alternative
Guide to Chicago, Humboldt Park], Office
of Multicultural Student Affairs at the
University of Chicago
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Bishopbriggs - 19th century development
With the completion of the Forth and
Clyde Canal in 1790, the area began to
attract ironstone and coal mining
industry. The Carron Company, became
the areas's main employer, building the
mining villages of Mavis Valley and
Jellyhill to accommodate its workers.
From there, the Forth and Clyde Canal
formed a convenient and direct transport
link with their famous ironworks near
Falkirk. There were also freestone
quarries established at Coltpark
(Colston), Crowhill, Huntershill and
Kenmure.
1
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Ngarrindjeri - Famous Ngarrindjeri
1
*Poltpalingada Booboorowie (Tommy Walker), a
popular Adelaide personality in the 1890s.
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Colt Official Police
1
The intended specific target market for
the Official Police was mainly law
enforcement agency|law enforcement
agencies and it became one of the best
selling police firearms of all time,
eventually in the 1950s coming to
exemplify typical Law enforcement
officer|peace officer
weaponry.[http://www.shootingtimes.co
m/handgun_reviews/coltp_083106
“Colt's Official Police Revolver”],
'Shooting Times' magazine Web site –
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Colt Police Positive Special - Development and history
1
[http://www.shootingtimes.com/hand
gun_reviews/coltp_083106 “Colt's
Official Police Revolver”], Shooting
Times magazine Web site – Handgun
Reviews
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Colt Police Positive - Development and history
1
The Police Positive was very successful;
along with the Colt Official Police it
dominated the law enforcement firearms
market in the early 1900s.Scarlata, Paul.
[http://www.shootingtimes.com/handgun_r
eviews/coltp_083106 “Colt's Official Police
Revolver”], Shooting Times magazine Web
site – Handgun Reviews. Accessed August
13, 2008. The Positive was itself
incrementally modified in 1908, forming
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.38 Long Colt - History and usage
By 1908, even Colt was chambering
their new Police Positive and New Army
revolvers in .38 Colt Special, which was
nothing more than the standard .38
Smith Wesson Special with a different
headstamp.Scarlata, Paul,
[http://www.shootingtimes.com/handgu
n_reviews/coltp_083106/#cont Colt's
Official Police Revolver], Shooting
Times
1
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