Transcript Changing Business Perspectives

Chapter 2
Learning Outcomes
Challenges for Managers
1 Describe the factors that affect organizations competing in the
global economy.
2 Explain how cultural differences form the basis of work-related
attitudes.
3 Describe the diverse groups that make up today’s business
environment.
4 Discuss the role of ethics, character, and personal integrity in
the organization.
5 Explain five issues that pose ethical dilemmas for managers.
6 Describe the effects of technological advances on today’s
workforce.
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Changing Business
Perspectives
From International (which
implies an individual’s or
organization’s held nationality
is strongly in consciousness)
To Globalization (which
implies the world is free
from national boundaries and
that it is really a borderless world)
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Changing Business
Perspectives
From Multinational Organizations
(in which the organization was
recognized as doing business
with other countries)
To Transnational Organizations
(in which the global viewpoint
supersedes national issues)
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Understanding Cultural
Differences
HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS
Collectivism
Individualism
High power distance
High uncertainty avoidance
Low power distance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Femininity
Masculinity
Long-term orientation
Short-term orientation
Reprinted with permission of Academy of Management, PO Box 3020, Briar Cliff Manor, NY 10510-8020. Cultural
Constraints in Management Theories (Figure), G. Hofstede, Academy of Management Executive 7, (1993). Reproduced
by permission of the publisher via Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
Where the U.S. Stands
ON HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS
Collectivism
Individualism
High power distance
High uncertainty avoidance
Low power distance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Femininity
Masculinity
Long-term orientation
Short-term orientation
Reprinted with permission of Academy of Management, PO Box 3020, Briar Cliff Manor, NY 10510-8020. Cultural
Constraints in Management Theories (Figure), G. Hofstede, Academy of Management Executive 7, (1993). Reproduced
by permission of the publisher via Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
Diversity
All forms of individual differences,
including culture, gender, age,
ability, personality, religious
affiliation, economic class, social
status, military attachment, and
sexual orientation
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
WOMEN
& OBSTACLES AT WORK
•
•
•
•
Comprise over 60% of the workforce
Earn 32% of all doctorates
Earn 52% of master’s degrees
Earn 50% of undergraduate degrees
BUT
• Hold less than 15.7% of Fortune 500 corporate
officer positions
• Earn 78% of what their male counterparts do
• encounter the glass ceiling in the workplace
a transparent barrier that keeps women from
rising above a certain level in organizations
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Diversity’s Benefits & Problems
BENEFITS
• Attracts & retains
the best human talent
• Improves marketing
efforts
• Promotes creativity
and innovation
• Results in better
problem solving
• Enhances
organizational flexibility
PROBLEMS
• Resistance to
change
• Lack of cohesiveness
• Communication
problems
• Interpersonal
conflicts
• Slowed decision
making
Sexual Harassment =
Unwanted Sexual Attention
• Gender Harassment – crude comments;
behaviors that convey hostility toward a
particular gender
• Unwanted Sexual Attention – unwanted
touching, unwanted pressure for dates
• Sexual Coercion – demands for sexual
favors through job-related threats or
promises
Harassment or
Potential Romance?
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Organizational Justice
Distributive Justice –
fairness of the outcomes
that individuals receive
in an organization
Ex. Companies
in Danger
vs.
CEO
Salaries
Procedural Justice –
fairness by which the
outcomes are allocated
in an organization
Ex. Competence vs. Race and
and Skill
Gender
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.