Transcript Acculturation-PPT1 - UBC Psychology`s Research Labs

Psychology 307:
Cultural Psychology
Acculturation
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Acculturation
1. What is the distinction between group-level
acculturation and individual-level acculturation?
2. What types of acculturating groups exist within
pluralistic societies?
3. What is the typical process of adjustment during
acculturation?
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Acculturation, continued
4. What are acculturation strategies and how are they
measured?
5. What are the psychological correlates of distinct
acculturation strategies?
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What is the distinction between group-level
acculturation and individual-level acculturation?
● Group-level acculturation:
 The earliest definition of group-level acculturation
was generated by Melville Herskovits and his
colleagues:
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“Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which
result when groups of individuals having different
cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with
subsequent changes in the original culture patterns
of either or both groups …. Under this definition
acculturation is to be distinguished from …
assimilation, which is at times a phase of
acculturation” (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936,
p 149).
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 As this definition suggests, group-level
acculturation refers to the changes that occur to
groups or collectives as a result of culture contact.
 Culture contact between two groups may result in
one or both groups undergoing acculturation.
Thus, it is not necessarily the case that one group
is “absorbed” by the second group.
 Group-level acculturation may produce biological
changes, social changes, political changes, and
economic changes within collectives.
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● Individual-level acculturation:
 Individual-level acculturation refers to the changes
that occur to individuals as a result of culture
contact.
 Individual-level acculturation may produce value
changes, attitudinal changes, and behavioural
changes among individuals.
 Individual-level acculturation is the primary form of
acculturation of interest to psychologists.
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What types of acculturating groups exist within
pluralistic societies?
● In addition to the dominant cultural group within a
pluralistic society, there are a multitude of other
groups that undergo acculturation.
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Types of Acculturating Groups
Voluntary Culture
Contact
Involuntary Culture
Contact
Members of longestablished cultural
groups
Indigenous peoples
Permanent Residence
Immigrants
Refugees
Temporary Residence
Sojourners
Asylum seekers
Non-Migratory
Migratory
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What is the typical process of adjustment during
acculturation?
● Research suggests that the typical process of
adjustment during acculturation follows a U-shaped
curve:
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The Acculturation Curve
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● Among the factors that influence the process of
adjustment are:
The homogeneity of the host culture.
Cultural distance.
Cultural fit.
Acculturation strategies.
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What are acculturation strategies and how are they
measured?
● Acculturation strategies are the strategies that
people use to reconcile conflicts between the
norms and values of: (a) their culture of origin and
(b) the culture of the dominant society in which they
live.
● Early theories of acculturation strategies adopted a
one-dimension or “mutual exclusion” model of
acculturation:
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One-Dimensional Model of Acculturation
Adopt norms
and values of
dominant culture
Retain norms
and values of
culture of origin
ASSIMILATION
SEPARATION
Reject norms
and values of
culture of origin
Reject norms
and values of
dominant culture
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● This model defines two extreme acculturation
strategies: Assimilation and separation.
● In contrast, contemporary theories of acculturation
strategies adopt a two-dimension model of
acculturation:
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Two-Dimensional Model of Acculturation
Adopt norms
and values of
dominant culture
INTEGRATION
ASSIMILATION
Retain norms
and values of
culture of origin
Reject norms
and values of
culture of origin
SEPARATION
MARGINALIZATION
Reject norms
and values of
dominant culture
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● This model defines two additional acculturation
strategies: Integration and marginalization.
● The most influential two-dimensional model (Berry,
1997) uses questions to describe the two dimensions:
“Is it of value to maintain cultural identity and
characteristics?” and “Is it of value to maintain
relationships with the larger society?”
● Among the factors that determine which of these 4
acculturation strategies individuals will use are
discrimination, physical distinctiveness, and SES.
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● Although substantial evidence supports the twodimensional model of acculturation, some theorists
(Birman, 1992; Coleman, 1995) have suggested
that this model fails to distinguish between two
modes of integration: Alternation and fusion.
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● Recent research has provided support for the
distinction between alternation and fusion,
suggesting that there are at least five acculturation
strategies that people may use—assimilation,
separation, alternation, fusion, and marginalization.
● Acculturative strategies are typically measured
using self-report questionnaires:
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The Vancouver Index of Acculturation
(Ryder et al., 2000)
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I often participate in my heritage cultural traditions.
I often participate in mainstream North American cultural traditions.
I would be willing to marry a person from my heritage culture.
I would be willing to marry a North American person.
I enjoy social activities with people from the same heritage culture as myself.
I enjoy social activities with typical North American people.
I am comfortable working with people of the same heritage culture as myself.
I am comfortable working with typical North American people.
I enjoy entertainment (e.g., movies, music) from my heritage culture.
I enjoy North American entertainment (e.g., movies, music).
I often behave in ways that are typical of my heritage culture.
I often behave in ways that are ‘typically North American.’
It is important for me to maintain or develop the practices of my heritage culture.
It is important for me to maintain or develop North American cultural practices.
I believe in the values of my heritage culture.
I believe in mainstream North American values.
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The Acculturation Questionnaire
(Campbell et al., 2003)
I do things the Canadian way. My attitudes and behaviours are
consistent with Canadian norms and values. I think and act like a
Canadian when I am among Canadians and when I am among Indians.
(Assimilation)
I do things the Indian way. My attitudes and behaviours are consistent
with Indian norms and values. I think and act like an Indian when I am
among Indians and when I am among Canadians. (Separation)
I do some things the Canadian way and some things the Indian way.
Some of my attitudes and behaviours are consistent with Canadian
norms and values, and some of my attitudes and behaviours are
consistent with Indian norms and values. The way I think and act when I
am among Canadians and when I among Indians does not change—it
combines aspects of both Canadian culture and Indian culture. (Fusion)
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I adapt to which ever cultural environment I am in. When I am among
Canadians, I do things the Canadian way—my attitudes and
behaviours are consistent with Canadian norms and values. When I
am among Indians, I do things the Indian way—my attitudes and
behaviours are consistent with Indian norms and values. The way I
think and act is determined by the cultural environment that I am in at
a given time. (Alternation)
I do things neither the Canadian way nor the Indian way. My attitudes
and behaviours are not consistent with either Canadian norms and
values or Indian norms and values. The way I think and act when I
am among Canadians and when I am among Indians does not reflect
aspects of either Canadian culture or Indian culture. (Marginalization)
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What are the psychological correlates of distinct
acculturation strategies?
● To date, the bulk of research examining the
psychological correlates of acculturation strategies
has focused on the 4 strategies identified by the twodimensional model.
● In general, this research suggests that integration
is the most adaptive acculturation strategy.
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● However, one study has examined the psychological
correlates of the 5 acculturation strategies recently
identified by theorists: Campbell et al. (2003).
 Recruited South Asian Canadian participants.
 Measured the following constructs:
1. Acculturation strategies.
2. Psychological adjustment: (a) Depression, (b)
anxiety, (c) somatization, (d) self-esteem, (e) life
satisfaction.
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3. Self-concept organization:
(a) Self-concept clarity (SCC): The extent to which selfbeliefs are clearly and confidently defined, internally
consistent, and temporally stable.
(b) Self-concept differentiation (SCD): The degree to
which people see themselves as having different
personality characteristics in different social roles.
(c) Self-discrepancies (SDs): The degree to which
people experience discrepancies between who
they believe they are and who their significant
others believe they are.
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 Found that:
(a) Alternation and fusion are used more frequently
than assimilation, separation, and marginalization.
(b) Alternation is associated with relatively low levels of
psychological adjustment; fusion is associated with
relatively high levels of psychological adjustment.
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(c) Alternation is associated with relatively low
levels of SCC and high levels of SCD and SDs;
fusion is associated with relatively high levels of
SCC and low levels of SCD and SDs.
(d) Self-concept organization mediates the
relationship between acculturation strategies and
psychological adjustment.
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Acculturation
1. What is the distinction between group-level
acculturation and individual-level acculturation?
2. What types of acculturating groups exist within
pluralistic societies?
3. What is the typical process of adjustment during
acculturation?
28
Acculturation, continued
4. What are acculturation strategies and how are they
measured?
5. What are the psychological correlates of distinct
acculturation strategies?
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