Transcript INCO 101 Fundamentals of Human Communication

Humanistic Perspectives
“Work ought to dignify rather than
diminish the human spirit”
George Cheney
Human Relations Movement
• Hawthorne Studies – Western Electric Plant
1. Illumination studies
2. Relay Assembly Test Room Studies –
determine influence of working conditions on
productivity
3. Interviews – interviewees more interested in
talking about personal feelings/attitudes
4. Bank Room Wiring Studies – how social
groups exercise control over behavior
Implications
• Social/emotional needs of workers key
variables
• Importance of employee feedback/upward
cx
• Discovery of “informal organization”
• “Hawthorne effect” – tendency for people
to alter behaviors when studied
Human Relations
• Promoted model of human behavior based
on self-actualization (Maslow)
• Assumes employee’s major motivation is
personal development and growth
• Goal of mgmt: focus on fulfilling needs of
individuals; higher job satisfaction
Human Resources Model
• Based on idea that
organizational
effectiveness is a
function of BOTH
structure/design AND
individual needs
• Motivation: tap
potential (versus
needs satisfaction)
Classical
Production
Oriented
Human
Relations
People
Oriented
Human
Production
Resources & People
oriented
Blake & Mouton’s
Managerial Grid
High
Country Club
Management
Concern
for People
Team
Management
Middle-of-the-Road
Management
Impoverished
Management
Authority
Compliance
Low
Low
Concern for
Production
High
Classical
Human
Relations
Human
Resources
Task
Social
Task, social,
and
innovation
Cx Direction Vertical
(downward)
Vertical &
Horizontal
All directions,
team based
Channel
Written
Often face-to- All channels
face
Style
Formal
Informal
Content of
Cx
Both
Systems Theory
Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968)
• Metaphor – organism
• An organization is a living entity in an
environment that can provide it with
energy and to which it can return and
output
• Principle of Interdepence – system parts
are dependent on one another in the
performance of organizational activity
• System– Set of parts which interrelate to
form a whole and work together to adapt
to a changing environment.
– Open systems – import and export material
from and to the environment
– Environment – entities outside of the system
that are relevant to the survival of the system
– Boundary – part of the system that separates
it from its environment (permeable)
• Cx – system binder; binds part of system
together and binds the system to the
environment
– Boundary-spanners – move information
across boundaries (adaptive function)
• Sales, customer service, PR, advertising
– Maintenance function – provide flow of
information among the sub-systems
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