Transcript Multiculturalism

Challenges of
Multiculturalism
in Europe
Jagellonian University
10 May 2005
Laura Laubeova
[email protected]
Structure of the lecture
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Retreat of MC after 9/11
Definitions: multiculturalism, race ethnicity, minority,
Concepts & theories of MC
State policies vs. Minority requirements
Politics of redistribution / recognition
Ethnocultural justice
Concept of Racisms, discrimination
From assimilation to inclusion
Antidiscrimination in EU, institutional racism in UK
Background
• Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13)
• two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)
• European Framework Convention for
protection of national minorities (FCNM)
CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.
i.e. framework for public policies
promoting positive interethnic relations,
elimination of discrimination and racism.
After 9/11
• Failure of MCP?
• Baubock
Multiculturalism
• Descriptive
• Normative- see bellow
• Government policy
(Canada, Australia)
• Institutional policies
(UK – racial equality, CERES)
Definitions related to ethnicity
From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community.
“Ethnie“ is
a named human population with myths of common
ancestry, shared historical memories,
one or more elements of common culture, a link with a
homeland,
a sense of solidarity among at least some members.
- covers both majority and minority population.
vs
multiple identities,
situational (transcending) ethnicities,
hybridity
Ethnicity
2 basic + 3 complementary approaches:
1. Primordialists
focus on primordial ties ( but static naturalist, ethnic id.
overlapping with other types of id.)
Sociobiologists - mechanisms of nepotism and inclusive
fitness based on genetic reproductive capacity
(reductionism)
2. Instrumentalists
Symbols for political goals, rational choices. Socially
constructed nature of ethnicity.
But neglect wider cultural environment, affective and
collective dimensions. Interests only in material terms.
Approaches to ethnicity – cont.
3. Transactionalists
Frederick Barth – social boundaries, ascribed ethnicity
4. Social psychological
Horowitz, Tajfel
5. Ethno-symbolists
Myths & symbols. nostalgia… AD Smith, Armstrong
(Hutchinson, Smith: Introduction)
See also Cornell, Hartmann:
Circumstantialists vs Primordialists
Race
• Biology & natural sciences – no longer since late
70´s (see researches in genetics bellow)
• Race remains a legitimate concept for
sociological analysis because social actors treat
is as real and organise their lives and practices
by reference to it (van den Berghe)
• Robert Miles: race is only an ideological
construct that is used by social scientists for
legitimising the status quo
• D. Mason : “Clearly there are no such things as
races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of
people behave as if there are”
Race – cont.
Mason: „race is a social relationship in which
structural positions and social actions are
ordered, justified, and explained by reference to
systems of symbols and beliefs which
emphasise the social and cultural relevance of
biologically rooted characteristics“.
• In other words, the social relationship race
presumes the existence of racism and
institutional racism.
Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon (1990) Not In Our Genes.
Biology, ideology and human nature, London: Penguin Books
Stephen Gould (1996) The Mismeasure of Man
Ellis Cashmore (1996) Dictionary of race and thnic relations
Preamble of the EU Race Directive
“The European Union rejects theories which
attempt to determine the existence of
separate human races. The use of the term
"racial origin" in this Directive does not imply
an acceptance of such theories”.
Race is a social construct, i.e. a category
without any biological underpinning
Race vs ethnicity
• Race is often treated as ideology
– ethnicity as a real phenomenon.
• Racial refers mainly to physical terms,
– ethnic rather to cultural terms.
• Race refers to them,
– ethnicity to us.
• Both concepts always imply social relationship.
Minority
”group of people distinguished by physical
or cultural characteristics
subject do different and unequal treatment
by the society in which they live
and who regard themselves as victims of
collective discrimination“
1945 Louis Wirth
Minority - cont.
• must be a 'non dominant' group;
• its members must 'possess ethnic, religious
or linguistic characteristics differing from
those of the rest of the population‚
• must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of
solidarity, directed towards preserving their
culture, traditions, religion or language'
(Capotorti as quoted from MRG)
• Also non dominant groups that may be a
numerical majority in a state,
• those who are not necessarily nationals or
citizens of the state where they reside.
MRG
Multiculturalism
• Conservative (diversity as a deficit, communit.)
• Left essentialist (Afrocentrism, also communit.)
• Liberal (natural equality, lack of opportunities,
decontextualisation, depolitisation)
but procedural liberalism vs communitarian liber. –
Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka (see also politics of recognition)
• Pluralist - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation) vs
melting pot
Multiculturalism – cont.
• Critical MC (Frankfurt School, power,
emancipation, soc. justice, self reflection)
• Antiracist (life chances - CERES)
• Reflexive (Ali Ratansi – Derrida + Giddens)
• Cosmopolitan
• Ethnicity as habitus (Bourdieu)
• Hybridity (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall)
rooting vs shifting
(see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)
Multiculturalism – cont.
V. Parrillo: three models of minority integration:
• Assimilation (majority- comformity)
• Amalgamation (melting pot)
• Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism)
Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperation
Parillo, 1997
State policies incl. MCP
Eva Sobotka: policies twds the Roma in CEE:
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Exclusion
Assimilation
Co-existence
Multiculturalism
Sobotka 2003
Multicultural Policy target
groups/requirements
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Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami)
National minorities (Canada, Europe)
Legal immigrants (USA, Australia)
Irregular & illegal immigrants –
denizens/metics
• AfroAmericans
• Roma, Ch. Jews, Amish, etc
Kymlicka –
stages: communitarian, liberal, nation building
Different minority groups, different
claims and expectations
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National minorities
Indigenous people
Immigrants
Refugees
Guestworkers
Descendants of slaves
Roma
Religious groups
• Autonomy
• Fair terms of
integration
• Inclusion
• Affirmative action
• Difficult cases
Liberal position
• Dworkin: substantial and procedural
rights
• Rawls: individual autonomy
supplemented by non-discrimination
provisions should always carry more
importance than collective rights
Arguments against ethnocultural
neutrality of the state
• Education
• Legal system
• Diffusion of language
• Relation to different ethnical/ethical questions:
slavery, polygamy, polyandry, incest, euthanasia,
suicide, capital punishment, abortion, coerced
marriages, divorce on demand, gay and lesbian
marriages, etc.
Ethnocultural justice (Kymlicka)
Two main ideas:
• Minorities are also entitled to various
degrees of nation-building
• Minority rights are a supplement not a
substitute for human rights
Multiculturalism – cont.
Integration, inclusion, inclusive education
Intercultural vs multiculrural
Politics
of redistribution,
of recognition (Frazer) –
• politics of equal dignity (Autonomy)
• politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor)
Racism & isms
……… sexism, disableism, ageism, homophobia
Neil Thompson
Racism can be defined as an attitude (ideology) or
action (behaviour) that disadvantages
individuals or groups on the basis of their
“racial” inferiority[1], mainly by means of
limiting their access to scarce resources.
1] Racial difference or racial inferiority is often
perceived or constructed in terms of different
culture, ethnicity, religion, language, etc.
See Unit 6
Explanations of racism:
1. Psychological ”Some people are like that”
2. Lack of knowledge, ignorance
„To know is to love“
3. Intergroup relations ”Birds of a feather”
4. Individuals are racists because the
structures, practices, and values of our
society are racist. ”Its the system”
Discrimination/isms:
Personal – Cultural - Structural
Neil Thompson
P
C
S
Racisms – cont.
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from violent attacks or scapegoating
to paternalistic crypto-racist assistance to m.
tendency to deny racism (unacceptable)
two main meanings:
1) ideology (beliefs) about racial superiority
2) “the whole complex of factors which produce
racial discrimination” and sometimes also
“those which produce racial disadvantage”
Cashmore
Racism as ideology
1. the so called “scientific racism of the 19th century”,
manifested for example in the publication by
Herrnstein, Murray, 1995
2. “popular” racism or “common sense” racism that is
based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe
that one´s own cultural paradigm is universal,
neutral and superior to any other culture
In other words…
Racism
1. denies all difference in the name of
universality of the human nature, but
unconsciously it takes back this universality
to the dominant model;
2. uses the obvious differences to turn them
into instruments of domination, exploitation,
condemnation, exclusion, or extermination.
Racisms- cont.
„Racism, in short, involves
(a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority
(b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate“
The Parekh Report, 2000
Attitudes
Behaviour
Structures
Prejudice
Discrimination
Inequality
Racisms – cont.
Prejudice
Discrimination
Exclusion
Assimilation and Racism (Bauböck)
assimilation is possible
yes
no
yes
compulsory
assimilation
racist
double-bind
no
pluralism
segregation
assimilation
is required
assimilationist policies
inclusiveness
Assimilationist model
DIFFERENCE
DEFICIT
ASSIMILATION
ASSIMILATION
COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES
Does the individual fit
into the System or ‘Institution’?
Curriculum (Multiculturalism)
model
Cultural Effects
CULTURES
LIFESTYLES
ATTITUDES
PLURALIST
PLURALIST
TOLERANCE AND HARMONY
Does the organisation of this ‘institution’
recognise Diversity ?
Equity/Rights Model
Social and Political Effects
EQUITY
PARTICIPATION
ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
LIFE CHANCES
Are people enabled in this ‘institution’?
Do the structures allow for
achievement, growth and opportunities?
Enlarged Europe – May 2004
Green paper on Equality and non-discrimination
in an enlarged European Union:
http://www.stop-discrimination.info
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/fun
damental_rights/greenpaper_en.htm
http://www.enar-eu.org/en/info/fact18.shtml
Institutional racism
1999 – The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry:
Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, also at
www.officialdocuments.co.uk/document/cm42/4262/4262.htm; mainly
chapter 6, pp. 26-28
„Institutional Racism defined as: The collective failure
of an organisation to provide an appropriate and
professional service to people because of their
colour, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or
detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour
which amount to discrimination through unwitting
prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist
stereotyping which disadvantages minority ethnic