Transcript Culture and Psychopathology

INTERGROUP RELATIONS IN
PLURAL SOCIETIES
PSYC 338
How much do you agree or disagree that:
• It is a good thing for any society to be made up of
people from different races religions and cultures.
• Immigrants should give up their original culture for
the sake of adopting New Zealand culture.
• Immigrants should maintain their original culture as
long as they do not mix it with NZ culture.
• Immigrants should maintain their original culture
while also adopting NZ culture.
LECTURE OUTLINE
• Overview and theoretical frameworks
• Social Psychology
• Cross-cultural Psychology
• Ethnocentrism
• Stereotypes
• Attributions
• Similarity-attraction and cultural distance
• Threat
• Integrated Threat Theory (Stephan)
• Instrumental model of group conflict (Esses)
• Contact
LECTURE OUTLINE (cont)
•
•
•
•
•
Model of Attitudes toward Immigrants in New Zealand
Multicultural Ideology
Acculturation Expectations
Multiculturalism and Biculturalism in New Zealand
Common Ingroup Identity
• Conclusions
Table 29-1. Theoretical Approache s to the Study of Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies
GROUPS
RESEARCH
Dominant Ethno-cultura l
Non-dominant EthnoTRADITIONS
Groups
cultural Groups
Social Psycho logy:
 Integrated Threat
 Social Identity
Intergroup Research
Theory
Theory
 Instrumental Model of
Group Conflict

Contact Hypo thesis

Theory of Common In-group Identity
Cross-cultura l Psycho logy:
 Interactive
 Model of
Acculturation Research
Acculturation Model
Acculturation
Attit udes
Ethnocentrism
• Stereotypes
• Attributions
• Similarity-attractiveness
Perceptions of Migrant Groups In New Zealand
Favourability
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Australia
Somalia
Samoa
China
Sth Africa
India
Great
Britain
Countries
THREAT THEORIES
• Integrated Threat Theory (Stephan)
Realistic threat
Symbolic threat
Intergroup Anxiety
Stereotypes
…. A flood of immigrants -many of whom will
directly compete with Maori in terms of jobs, housing and
access to health services.
There is a need to keep a tight lid on immigration
if we are to avoid New Zealand’s identity, values and
heritage being swamped.
Winston Peters, 2002
REALISTIC THREAT
% of agreement
•Immigrants take jobs away from Nzers.
25%
• Immigrants bring diseases into NZ that
not would not otherwise be here.
25%
N = 2020
THREAT THEORIES
• Instrumental Model of Group Conflict (Esses)
•
•
•
Resource stress
Salient Outgroup
Intergroup Competition
• Zero sum beliefs
• Fear and anxiety
•
Outcomes
• Avoidance
• Discrimination
ZERO SUM BELIEFS
% agreement
•Allowing immigrant cultures to thrive
means that NZ culture is weakened.
• The more political power immigrants
obtain, the more difficult it is for
Nzers already living here.
N = 2020
2
28%
MAORI AND PAKEHA PERCEPTIONS
OF THREAT
(% of agreement)
More jobs for immigrants means
fewer jobs for Nzers.
When immigrants promote their own
values, it is at the expense of NZ
values.
Note: N = 500
Maori
Pakeha
61
29
59
25
CONTACT HYPOTHESIS
• More intergroup contact results in more
positive intergroup perceptions and
harmonious relations (Pettigrew &
Tropp, 2000)
• Particularly under optimal conditions:
voluntary, positive, equal status,
cooperative, pleasant, intimate
An integrated model of attitudes toward immigrants
in New Zealand (Ward & Masgoret, 2006)
Social
Dominance
-.71
At titudes tw.
Diversity
.75
1
Multicultural
Ideology
Realistic
Threat
-.85
Symbolic
Threat
.83
Zero-sum
Beliefs
At titude tw.
Immigrants
.88
.77
.68
.76
Intercultural
Contact
.81
-.37
Intergroup
Anxiety
.22
.50
.76
.73
.46
1
Social
1Neighbourhood
1
Anxiet y 1
1Anxiet y 2
1Anxiet y 3
Contact
Contact
Percie ved
Intergroup Threat
-.93
Gen at t
At titude tw.
Immigrat ion
Attitudes toward
Immigrants
.80
MULTICULTURAL IDEOLOGY
IN NEW ZEALAND
It is a good thing for any society to be made
up of people from different races religions
and cultures.
100
Percentage Agreement
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
NZ
Oz
Sw
Sp
Nl
Fr
Lx
UK
Dn
Fn
Countries
It
Pt
Ir
Bl
Ge Aus
Gr
DIVERSITY INDICES
Society of
%
Settlement
Immigrants
Settler societies
Australia
24.6
Canada
18.9
New Zealand
22.5
Former colonia l societies
France
10.6
Germany
9.0
Netherlands
9.9
UK
6.8
Recent receiving societies
Finland
2.6
Norway
6.7
Portugal
2.3
Sweden
11.2
Actual Diversity
Index
Policy diversity
classification
-.08
1.42
.04
High
High
High
-.51
-.85
-.78
-.21
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
-.65
-.97
-1.11
-.59
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
ACCULTURATION EXPECTATIONS
•
•
•
•
Integration
Assimilation
Separation (Segregation)
Marginalization (Exclusion)
ACCULTURATION EXPECTATIONS:
NATIONAL SAMPLE
(% of agreement)
•
Immigrants should give up their original culture for the sake of
adopting New Zealand culture.
21%
• Immigrants should maintain their original culture as long as
they do not mix it with NZ culture.
28%
• Immigrants should maintain their original culture while also
adopting NZ culture.
82%
ADOLESCENTS’ ACCULTURATION
PREFERENCES AND EXPECTATIONS
4.5
4
3.5
3
Pakeha
Maori
PI
Chinese
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Integ.
Separate
Assimil.
NATIONAL AND ETHNIC IDENTITY
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Ethnic Identity
National Identity
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Pakeha
Maori
PI
Chinese
ACCULTURATION PREFERENCES AND
EXPECTATIONS: MAORI AND NZE
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Maori
Pakeha
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Integ.
Separate
Assimil.
Exclusion
MULTICULTURALISM AND
BICULTURALISM
BICULTURALISM
60
50
40
NZE
Maori
Pacific
Chinese
30
20
10
0
More
Same
Less
MULTICULTURALISM
60
50
40
NZE
Maori
Pacific
Chinese
30
20
10
0
More
Same
Less
IMPLICATIONS OF
MULTICULTURALISM
• Hyphenated, common ingroup identity
• Better adaptation of culturally diverse
groups groups
• Better intergroup relations
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• NZers have a strong multicultural ideology
• Both migrants and members of the receiving
community favor integration
• Biculturalism and multiculturalism are not
seen as mutually exclusive
OUR CHALLENGE
TO ENSURE THAT
• All ethnic groups in New Zealand feel secure
about their cultural identity and heritage
• All ethnic groups are able to participate fully and
equally in New Zealand society
• The status of Maori as partners in the Treaty of
Waitangi is protected as New Zealand evolves into
a multicultural society
Additional References
Lynskey, M. T., Ward, C., & Fletcher, G. J. O. (1991). Stereotypes
and intergroup attributions in New Zealand. Psychology ad
Developing Societies, 3 (1), 113-126.
Ward, C., & Lin, E.-Y. (2005). Immigration, acculturation and
national identity in New Zealand. In J. Liu, T. McCreanor, T.
McIntosh & T. Teaiwa (Eds). New Zealand identities: Departures
and destinations. (pp.155-173). Wellington: Victoria University
Press.