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Addressing Child Trafficking in Nigeria: The Social
Dynamics of Norm
Advances in Social Norms and Implications for Programming
University of Pennsylvania, July 2012
Maryam Enyiazu
UN
UNICEF
UNICEF Nigeria
Child Trafficking in Nigeria: The Social
Dynamics of Norm
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Presentation Outline
1. Background
– Overview with reference to Edo State (South –south)
2. The social dynamics of norm and child trafficking
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The Paradigm shift and its implication
Determining the nature of behavior supporting Child
trafficking – a custom? descriptive norm? or Social
norm?
3. Current interventions and why there is still gap
4. Proposed intervention Goal and Strategy
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Child Trafficking in Nigeria: The Social
Dynamics of Norm
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Nigeria is a source, transit and destination country for
child trafficking in West Africa
46 percent of repatriated victims of external trafficking
are children and mostly females
Internal trafficking of children in Nigeria is for the
purpose of forced labor(36%) domestic labor
(31%) and prostitution(30%)
External Trafficking is mainly for prostitution (46%),
domestic labor (21%), forced labor (15%) and
entertainment (8%)
Population of about four million people
Adolescent
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population about 45% 1:1 male
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female
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and Participation
ratio
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Overview
• Nigeria is a source, transit and destination country for child
trafficking in West Africa
• 46 percent of repatriated victims of external trafficking are
children and mostly females
• Internal trafficking of children in Nigeria is for the purpose of
forced labor(36%) domestic labor (31%) and prostitution(30%)
• External Trafficking is mainly for prostitution (46%), domestic
labor (21%), forced labor (15%) and entertainment (8%)
• Population of about four million people
• Adolescent population about 45% 1:1 male female ratio
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Child Trafficking in Nigeria: The Social
Dynamics of Norm
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Pattern and Purpose
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Child trafficking and the social dynamics of norm
The paradigm Shift from an old positive social norm of old
traditional African practice which supports informal
guardianship, kinship foster care of children by extended
family and community members based on:– Factual beliefs:
• Child who grow up with other families are better disciplined,
• Wiser have better life skills
• Grow up stronger to support their immediate family
• Not over pampered and ‘spoilt’.
– Collective pattern of behaviour with community approval and
disapproval for non compliance (supported by conditional
preferences, empirical and normative expectations and the influence
of reference networks – community, families, friends e.t.c)
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Dynamics of Norm
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Implication of this paradigm shift
• Over the years combination of several socio – cultural and
economic factors including:–
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Weakened family safety net
Widespread poverty,
Large family size, and
Rapid urbanization with
Deteriorated public services
Low literacy levels and
high school-dropout
• Have affected this positive social norm negatively creating a
social dynamics change and a different norm that is
supporting the present day that day practice of child
trafficking
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Dynamics of change
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Determining the nature of behavior
– Collective pattern of behavior and expectations supporting child trafficking
in Edo State demonstrates compliance with descriptive norm.
• Individuals’ families traffic their children because they believe other
families in their communities also traffic and should their children
(conditional preference)
• The expectation that other families in their communities will traffic
their children motivates families to do the same (empirical
expectation)
• These collective pattern of behavior is influenced by those that matter
to the families such as other family and community members
(reference network and group)
– Child trafficking a custom? – (Practice lacks sufficient evidence), Social
norm? - (normative expectations not established to the classify practice as social
norm (no pressure or obligation to conform and deviation from norm
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Dynamics of Norm
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Current interventions and existing gaps
• Building knowledge base - Surveys, situation assessment and
analysis
• Policy and Legal framework - Ratification and domestication of
international, regional and national legal instruments and
frameworks
• Social Mobilization and evidence informed advocacy –
Advocacy to key stakeholders, community dialogues
• Service delivery
• Capacity building - joint programs and support
‘One size fits all approach’
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Dynamics of norm
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Current interventions & existing gaps
Interventions
• Building knowledge base
Surveys, situation
assessment and analysis
Gaps
• Not based on observing and
diagnosing pattern of behaviour,
beliefs (norms)
• Policy and legal reforms
• Reality of law far from norms,
focus on criminalisation
• Lack of proper social network
analysis and community
ownership/leadership
• Not realistic with the expectation
of reference network and
communities
• Social mobilisation and
advocacy
• Service delivery
• Capacity development
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Dynamics of Norm
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Proposed intervention Goal & Strategy
• Goals:– Removal of descriptive norm influencing child
trafficking with focus on changing factual
beliefs, conditional preferences, empirical
expectations also recognising the role of
reference networks in this norm.
– Repackage , strengthen and reinforce old
positive social norm that promotes collective
responsibility and accountability for children
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Dynamics of Norm
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Proposed Intervention
Goal1:
• Community led change process
– Focus on changing attitudes and adopting new beliefs
and norms
– Identification and recruitment of social network of
families who are opposed to child trafficking within the
reference network – Diffusion process
– formation of core anti child trafficking group including
identification of natural leaders and role models
– public information campaign and mass meetings – Sustained community dialogues to persuade other
families of the benefit of not trafficking
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Dynamics of norm
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Proposed intervention
Goal 2:
• Integrated moral – Social and legal strategy
– Collective community led approach
– Use of entertainment education, use of community symbols
to promote and re-enforce positive community moral and
social values, beliefs, attitudes and practices on child
protection and parenting
– Promote a protective environment for children (8 elements of
protective environment)
– Stimulate community mutual support/commitment and peer
support
– Review of existing laws – less focus on criminalisation
– Participatory monitoring and reporting
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