Transcript Slides and Notes - Institute for Social and Economic Research

Psychological Attributes, Cognitive
Abilities and Behaviour
Dieter Wolke & Zach Estes
University of Warwick
UKHLS Consultation Psychology, 28/06/07, RSS
Structure of the Consultation
• Introduction to the UKHLS
• Psychological Attributes and Behaviour
- challenges
- criteria
- Importance: Core Measures-brainstorming
- Specific areas/modules
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The UK Household Longitudinal Study
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Who we are – the scientific leadership team
Nick Buck (ISER, Essex) – Principal investigator
Randy Banks (ISER)
Stephen Jenkins (ISER)
Heather Laurie (ISER)
Peter Lynn (ISER)
Steve Pudney (ISER)
Lucinda Platt (ISER) – ethnicity strand
Richard Berthoud (ISER) – ethnicity strand
Heidi Mirza (Institute of Education) – ethnicity strand
Dieter Wolke (Warwick) – biomedical strand
Scott Weich (Warwick) – biomedical strand
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Structure of presentation
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Background and developments so far
UKHLS objectives and key features
Structure of UKHLS and constraints
The UKHLS questionnaire
Relationship to BHPS
The consultation process
Some general issues for consideration
Timetable
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Background
• UKLHS is a longitudinal study based on a household
panel design, i.e.
– sample based on all residents (adults and children) at
addresses selected at wave one, following them at each
wave, including movers and collecting data about new
household members
• Similar in design to British Household Panel Survey,
which it will replace, and panels in other countries,
e.g. SOEP, HILDA, PSID, SoFIE
• Target sample size of 40,000 households – largest
HPS
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Background (2)
• Major investment in the UKHLS is motivated by the
success of longitudinal research in UK
• Most diverse portfolio of studies in the world:
– In addition to BHPS: Birth cohort studies (NCDS,
BCS1970, MCS, ALSPAC), Studies of ageing (ELSA),
Youth cohort studies (YCS, LSYPE), Census link studies
and others
• Longitudinal research has had major impacts on both
scientific research and policy research
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UKHLS informed by rationales for
longitudinal research
• Net versus gross change: gross change visible only from
longitudinal data
– e.g. decomposition of change in unemployment rate over time into
contributions from inflows and outflows
• Some phenomena are inherently longitudinal (e.g. poverty
persistence; unstable employment)
• Provides spell-based perspectives (and can observe how
circumstances change with time spent in state)
• Repeated observations on individuals allow for possibility of
controlling for unobserved differences between individuals
(fixed and random effect models)
• The ability to make causal inference is enhanced by temporal
ordering
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Developments so far
• ESRC secured strategic infrastructure funding from OSI to
start UKHLS
• Expert Panel (chair Peter Elias) steered development of
UKHLS up to appointment of PI team
• 4 expert studies made recommendations on content and design
– presented at meeting in October 2006
• November 2006 – March 2007, commissioning of principal
investigator team
• From April 2007, PI team starts work with consultation and
commission survey organisation
• ESRC continues to seek co-funding
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Key features of UKHLS
The following should be exploited and shape the
priorities for topic content:
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Large sample size proposed
Household focus of the design
Full age range sample
Innovative data collection methods
Multi-purpose multi-topic design to meet a wide range of
disciplinary and inter-disciplinary research needs
– Ethnic minority research
– Biomedical research.
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Key features: large sample size
• 40,000 households gives an opportunity to explore
issues where other longitudinal surveys are too small.
• Small subgroups, such as teenage parents or disabled
people.
• Analysis at regional and sub-regional levels, allowing
examination of the effects of geographical variation
• Large sample size allows high-resolution analysis of
events in time, for example focussing on single-year
age cohorts.
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Key features: household focus
• Data collected on all members of sampled households
• Important for research on e.g.
– consumption and income, where within-household sharing
of resources is important,
– demographic change, where the household itself is often
the object of study.
• Observing multiple generations and siblings allows
examination of long-term transmission processes
• Opportunities to explore linkages outside the
household
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Key features: full age range
• The UKHLS sample includes full age range at any
point in time – so complements age-focused studies
sampling elderly people (e.g. ELSA) or young people
(e.g. birth cohort studies)
• Provide a unique look at behaviours and transitions in
mid-life – e.g. for issues of pensions and long-term
care, associated with old age, policy setting is
influenced by earlier behaviour.
• Large sample size means that all cohorts can be
analysed at a common point in time.
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Key features: innovative data collection
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Continuous development in data collection methods
benefiting from:
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This will involve e.g.:
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experience from other longitudinal surveys,
the introduction of new technologies.
additional modes of interviewing,
collection of qualitative and direct quantitative
assessment
external record linkage
Innovation Panel to allow experimentation and
methodological development.
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Key features: broad interdisciplinary topic
coverage
• UKHLS will be multi-purpose survey supporting a very wide
range of research agenda
• … which means it cannot have the focus in depth that more
specialist surveys can achieve
• Strength arises from bringing together information on many
life course domains
• Interdisciplinary: aims both to meet needs of traditional panel
use disciplines (economics, social policy and sociology) and
support more interdisciplinary work within the social sciences
(e.g. geography and economics); within the biomedical
sciences (e.g. psychology and genetics); and between the two.
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Key features: ethnic minority research
• Ethnicity strand includes:
– Boost sample for five key groups (Indian, Pakistani,
Bangladeshi, Carribean, Black African)
– Questions focused on ethnicity issues
• Recognises the increasing prominence of research
into ethnic difference for understanding the make-up
of British society and issues of diversity and
commonality.
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Key features: biomedical researh
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UKHLS will support collection of a wide range of
biomarkers and health indicators
Opportunity to assess exposure and antecedent
factors of health status, understanding disease
mechanisms (e.g. gene-environment interaction,
gene-to-function links), household and
socioeconomic effects and analysis of outcomes
using direct assessments or data linkage.
Opens up prospects for advances at the interface
between social science and biomedical research.
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UKHLS study design
• Start with a sample of addresses, all members of private
households found will be sample members.
• At each wave all sample members above a threshold age
eligible for interview.
• Other individuals who form households with sample members
after wave 1 eligible for interview.
• UKHLS will be a longitudinal sample of individuals
representing the whole UK population, and interviewed within
a household context.
• Individuals followed as they move and form new households.
• Following rules mean that the UKHLS will remain
representative of the UK population as it changes, subject to
weighting and except for new immigrants to the UK.
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UKHLS sample consists of:
• A new equal probability main panel achieved sample of 28,000
- 29,000 households. The fieldwork for this sample will
commence in January 2009
• A boost ethnic minority sample, to provide 1,000 adult
individuals in each of the five main ethnic minority groups
• The BHPS sample of approximately 8,400 households. BHPS
sample data collection as part of the UKHLS will start with
wave 2 in October 2009
• An Innovation Panel of 1500 households to enable
methodological research. The fieldwork for the Innovation
Panel will commence in January 2008.
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UKHLS design
• Some aspects remain to be finalised and depend
partly on co-funding. The following are expected:
– 12 month intervals between interviews
– Continuous fieldwork (implications for reference periods
for retrospective questions) [Possible 24 month field
period, with second wave overlapping with first]
– Face-to-face interview at wave 1; mixed mode at wave 2
– Wave 1 individual interview not more than 40 minutes,
wave 2 depends on budget, unlikely to exceed 40 minutes
and may be shorter
– Some data collection from children aged less than 16 – not
clear when this would start
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The UKHLS questionnaire
• Length constraints are likely to be particularly acute, given
broad scope of UKHLS and wide range of demands
• So move away from BHPS structure where most people are
eligible to be asked all questions and most questions repeated
each wave
• More use of questions asked regularly, but not every wave
• More use of questions asked only after key events or at
particular ages
• More use of sub-samples, perhaps random sub-samples, where
full sample unnecessary, or demographic sub-samples
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Structure of the UKHLS questionnaire
Main sample
Annual
Event triggered
Innovation panel
Regular periodic
Other modules
Special ethnic annual
Ethnic boost
Special ethnic periodic
Question development
Current BHPS
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Time in minutes
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Consultation on UKHLS content
• Key aims are to establish
1) the priorities for inclusion in the UKHLS,
2) the content of the core questionnaire (i.e. that part intended
to be repeated at each wave), and
3) the content and sequencing of modules which might be
included less frequently, or only be addressed to part of the
sample.
• Objective is to consult as widely as possible, within
the constraints of the timetable (more on this later)
• Particular objective to go beyond current longitudinal
study users, and identify new areas
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Methods of consultation
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Topic groups (next slide)
Ethnicity strand consultation
Advisory committees and Governing Board
Using UKHLS web site to make documents on design
available
• Targeted consultation with e.g. government
departments, ESRC Boards and Directors, other
research councils
• Encouraging comments from any interested parties
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Topic consultation groups
1.
Standard of living measures (income, consumption, material
deprivation, expenditure, financial well-being)
2. Family, social networks and interactions, local contexts, social
support, technology and social contacts
3. Attitudes and behaviours related to environmental issues (energy,
transport, air quality, global warming etc.)
4. Illicit and risky behaviour (crime, drug use, anti-social behaviour
etc).
5. Lifestyle, social, political, religious and other participation, identity
and related practices, dimensions of life satisfaction/happiness
6. Psychological attributes, cognitive abilities and behaviour
7. Preferences, beliefs, attitudes and expectations
8. Health outcomes and health related behaviour
9. Education, human capital and work
10. Initial conditions, life history
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Topic groups
• We do not expect topic groups to be designing questions or
questionnaire sections; we are expecting them to identify
measures and to justify their importance in terms of key
research agenda
• Topic group first meetings taking place between 25 June and
16 July,
• Over the summer expected to continue business, mainly
electronically
• Convenors will be summarising conclusions; questionnaire
design team will have access to all comments received
• Topic group cover may not be exhaustive – some research
areas may be missing. Let me know about those which
concern you particularly.
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Some cross-cutting issues for most topic groups
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What is the optimal data collection frequency for
measures from a research perspective?
What level of detail is really required?
For retrospective and flow measures what is the
most appropriate reference period?
To what extent is it necessary to collect information
about each individual within the household?
To what extent can data be reliably collected by one
respondent on behalf of all others in the same
household?
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More cross-cutting issues
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How important is continuity of measurement
relative to the existing BHPS, and comparability
with other UK national surveys?
To what extent is cross-national comparability an
important consideration when choosing a measure?
To what extent can linkage with administrative and
other data sources provide data that can substitute or
complement collection of that data within the
UKHLS?
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Mode of data collection
• First wave face-to-face, likely that future waves will
use other modes, e.g. telephone, internet
• Questions to be asked at every wave should be
comparable whatever mode is used
• Implications for design of core content (e.g. long lists
are difficult over telephone)
• NB: we will be using Innovation panel to explore this
further
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Respondent burden issues
• UKHLS will involve repeated contacts with sample members
• The better the experience at any wave the more likely take part
next wave – particularly important at first wave and other early
waves until some commitment to study is established
• Therefore:
– First wave cannot be too long
– Avoid subject matter which is likely to be very sensitive
– Minimise subject matter likely to be uninteresting to
respondents (though different respondents have different
interests!)
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Timetable
May-July 2007
Recruitment to topic consultation groups and first meetings
September 2007
Feedback from topic groups on core content, to contribute to
questionnaire content for the Innovation Panel
September/October
2007
First meetings of Scientific Advisory Committee and
Governing Board
December 2007
Consultation on wave one content concluded; consultation on
future waves continues.
January 2008
Plenary conference
January – December Consultation on wave two and future wave content; we
2008 and beyond
anticipate that the topic groups would remain active
June 2008
Final survey pre-test for wave one
January 2009
Start of wave one main fieldwork
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Psychology Opportunities
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Psychology Opportunities
• Address questions at the interface between social
science, psychology and biomedical research (might
include gene x environment interactions).
• Longitudinal design, household recruitment and sample
size make UKHLS uniquely suited to studying
- Transitions across entire lifespan (inc pre-conception)
- Effects of household and family on each others
psychological functioning (generational effects, family
environment)
- Ethnic differences
• Psychological attributes should show clear individual
variation at each “stage” of development
• Linkage to routine data sources (e.g. educational records:
SATs etc.)?
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Challenges
• Limited questionnaire space and interview time
• Respondent fatigue
• Interviewer training and equipment costs for even basic
psychological assessments (e.g. IQ, perception, memory
etc.)
• No funding beyond some core measures
• Non-participation in psychologically invasive
procedures (e.g. romantic relationships, sexuality etc.)
• Optimum measurement frequency will vary greatly and
according to age
• Huge range of potential psychological measures
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Some Selection Questions
• Methods may range from experimental assessment and
behavioural observation to survey methods.
• attributes show inter-individual variation at each time point
and intra-individual variation over time to be useful for the
study of longitudinal trajectories
• could be an outcome variable
• potential to predict outcomes (e.g. health, education etc.) or
mediate or moderate between social environment or family
factors and outcomes
• should (but not necessarily) address a construct that can be
studied from childhood to old age.
• Short, innovative, reliable & valid
• Scientific theory
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Possible Topic Areas?
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Personality variables
Social behaviour and interaction
Romantic/sexual behaviour
Communication skills
Emotional processing
Creative abilities
Beliefs and values
Intelligence
Memory (e.g. autobiographical, working, prospective)
Perceptual and motor skills
Achievement (e.g., literacy, numeracy, time management)
Eating behaviour
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Brain Storm “Must” Areas
• Rahman: Human sexual orientation. Related to mental health and health
related outcomes (example HIV) and cognition. Stable over time. Easily
measured. Short easy scales (feel, behaviour, e.g. “are you attracted to…”).
Risky sexual behaviour (for example, number of same sex; maybe ask
about in last 12 months, 2+ partners in last 12 month as indicator for risky
sexual behaviour). Childhood – e.g. getting married when older.
Endophenotypes (e.g. hormones) – go sexual feeling behaviour measures.
Once to every 5 years. 2 mins. Mainly as predictor variable. What is the
best age? Aged 20+. Issue of whether other family members are around.
Questions re identity not ideal, especially for women. Questions about
feelings/behaviour might be better for non-response.
• Amanda Roberts: Risky behaviour – pornography use (e.g. Kinsey Institute
USA). E.g. fathers/family attitudes towards pornography (8 item scale).
Addiction to the internet. Potential problems in asking questions re
ethnicity. Ethical issue because of illegality.
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Brain Storm “Must” Areas
• Alternative communication: SMS, internet, messenger, my space, blogs,
chat rooms – effects social communication, family time, quality – conflict.
Social intelligence. May inform how social relationships develop and
change.
• Online gambling
• Ingrid Schoon: Underlying components: - personality measures (big five);
optimism, goal orientation, self-efficacy, gratitude. Potential overlap of Big
Five and Satisfaction.
- values, agency
- satisfaction (life, job, relationship, domain), wellbeing
(wave 15 BHPS)
- Amanda Sacker: attitudes and beliefs (life transitions, life choices), might
be most relevant for young people
- aspirations, ambitions (European Social Survey, British Cohort Study), 1-5
item scales
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Brain Storm “Must” Areas
• Langdon: cognitive assessments (IQ), IQ powerful predictor
for life satisfaction, divorce etc. Relatively stable – related to
nearly all outcomes (protective and risk factor); put in
intellectual measure for children, pick up delayed children
(disability); educational potential (underachievement etc.) – 23 mins. to get to g-factor. Mazes. Ability to train interviewer.
Possible issue with language – many tests are languagespecific. Measure in childhood, adulthood, and senior (>55).
• Cognitive – adults, transmission, assortive mating;
degenerative conditions (ageing) – prospective memory, social
outcome (e.g. employment etc.) – household, effect of decline
of others in household. Age group 55+
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Brain Storm “Must” Areas
• Cognitive continued: spot the word test (Alan Baddeley); digit
span (not culture free); visual spatial skills.
• Basic skills: literacy (functional), numeracy (standard set of 5
items in cohort studies)
• Ingrid Schoon: Stress and tension – daily hassles, conflict, life
events; chaos; YUK scale
• Sarah Woods & DW: Domestic violence, bullying (home,
school, work, neighbours, online, siblings), towards older
people, conflicts in the household. 6-items for bullying
• Ingrid Schoon: Social inclusion (bonding, bridging) within and
outside world, social support; not every year; attachment
within family, financial and emotional problems, network
questions
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Brainstorming
• Amanda Roberts: Normal eating, diet, obesity – variety and exposure (food
frequency); regular mealtimes, eating disorder, exposure to food during
childhood, diet restricted by finances, cook themselves
• Andrea: Social relationship within the family; asking about grand
parents/parents; household communication; standard scales (Ingrid),
parenting behaviour, do family members talk about 1. fears, 2. politics.
Communication between partners
• Adoption, IVF (genetic relationship).
• Regional/ethnicity families (wider context – uncles etc.), interracial
relationships
• Creative abilities
• Major achievements in life, most proud of
• Entrepreneurship, leisure activities, pets in the household
• Household au-pairs; lodgers
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Brainstorming
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Attitudes to the environment
Creative abilities (music, other skills)-values
Entrepreneurhip/values
Hobbies
Pets (old people; children)
Neuromotor/motor development/motor perceptual. Measure with mazes,
standing on one leg, stepping backward, etc.
Problem solving
Attention regulation (high correlation)
Social cognitive functioning, emotion recognition (e.g., faces)
Moral reasoning
Emotional intelligence
Decision making (household decision making)
Perception of risk/ statistical reasoning
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Brain Storm “Must” Areas
• Locus of control, lifestyle
• Happiness, wellbeing
• Mindfulness, empathy, sympathy
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Most important
• Sexual orientation (highly stable)?! Once to measure;
later wave
• Measures to be repeated – to go in wave 1; most
crucial for prediction
• Cognitive, literacy
• Eating
• Stress
• IQ particularly important for kids and older people
• Literacy for adults, life satisfaction
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The end - unpressured
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END
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Core Measures: Initial
UKHLS Focus
Personality & Social Skills
Describing personality characteristics (normal variation) or
social relationships/inclusion (e.g. bullying and
exclusion)
Cognitive “Capital”
Globally or specific (IQ or specific skills)
Both, particular interest in understanding Vulnerability,
Resilience and Protective factors (e.g. labour
participation, income potential, family planning…)
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Longitudinal Research:
Assessments 60 years apart
Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Fox, H. C. (2004).
The Impact of Childhood Intelligence on Later Life: Following Up the Scottish
Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology, 86(1), 130-147.
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Childhood IQ
and Longevity
(Inter-individual change
in intra-individual
Development)
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Non-core Funding
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EXAMPLES
Romantic Relationships and Sexual Relationships
(Relevance teenage sex, STI’s to quality of partner
relationship, divorce and household composition)
Achievement (e.g. educational vs. potential)
Socio-emotional processing (social cognition)
Motor and Perceptual Skills
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Evaluation Criteria
EXAMPLE: Working Memory (WM)
Theoretical relevance: WM is linked in childhood and
adolescence with several core cognitive processes (e.g.,
language abilities, theory of mind, reasoning skills, etc) and in
older adulthood with the decline of several other cognitive
processes (e.g., inhibition, strategy use, source monitoring,
etc).
Household context: impact of diet, video gaming, etc.
Longitudinal relevance: generational effects; impact of drug use
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Evaluation Criteria
Variability: WM exhibits robust individual differences across
the lifespan.
Proposed measure: backward digit span? common and reliable
Administration: via computer or trained researcher
Respondent demand: simple
Duration: approx. 5 min.
Frequency: every 10 yrs?
Cost: none
Non-invasive: Yes
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BHPS and UKHLS
• At wave 2 of UKHLS (wave 19 of BHPS), the BHPS
sample will become part of UKHLS
• Expected that BHPS will use new questionnaire from
that point (with very limited modification to preserve
some measurement continuity)
• Development process recognised importance of
comparability with BHPS – so likely to be significant
use of BHPS questions in UKHLS
• But, likely that a high proportion of BHPS questions
will not be included, or will be asked less frequently
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BHPS Measures
• Personality
• Attitudes
• antisocial behaviour/crime
• education
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