Transcript Nominating a President - Doral Academy Preparatory

Psychological Disorder
 a “harmful dysfunction” in which
behavior is judged to be:
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atypical- (not enough in itself)
disturbing- (varies with time & culture)
maladaptive- (harmful)
unjustifiable- (sometimes there’s a good
reason)
Psychological Disorders
Biological
(Evolution,
individual
genes, brain
structures
and chemistry)
Sociocultural
(Roles, expectations,
definition of normality
and disorder)
Bio-psycho-social
Perspective
*assumes that biological,
sociocultural, and
psychological factors
combine and interact to
produce psychological
disorders
Psychological
(Stress, trauma,
learned helplessness,
mood-related perceptions
and memories)
Psychological Disorders- Etiology
DSM-IV-TR
*American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)
*a widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders
*presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text
revision)
*today used as “convenient shorthand”
to avoid labeling.
Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of
Disorders
 Multiaxial system
 5 axes or dimensions
 Axis I – Clinical Syndromes
 Axis II – Personality Disorders or
Mental Retardation
 Axis III – General Medical Conditions
 Axis IV – Psychosocial and
Environmental Problems
 Axis V – Global Assessment of
Functioning
Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders
 Generalized anxiety disorder
 “free-floating anxiety”
 Phobic disorder
 Specific focus of fear
 Panic disorder and agoraphobia
 Physical symptoms of anxiety/leading to
agoraphobia
 Obsessive compulsive disorder
 Obsessions
 Compulsions
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
 Biological factors
 Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity
 GABA circuits in the brain
 Conditioning and learning
 Acquired through classical conditioning or
observational learning
 Maintained through operant conditioning
 Cognitive factors
 Judgments of perceived threat
 Personality
 Neuroticism
 Stress
 A precipitator
Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform Disorders
 Somatization Disorder
 Conversion Disorder
 Hypochondriasis
 Etiology
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Reactive autonomic nervous system
Personality factors
Cognitive factors
The sick role
Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociative amnesia
 Dissociative fugue
 Dissociative identity disorder
 Etiology
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severe emotional trauma during childhood
 Controversy
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Media creation?
Sybil
Repressed memories
Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders
 Major depressive disorder
 Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
 Etiology
 Age of onset
 Genetic vulnerability
 Neuro-chemical factors
 Cognitive factors – negative thinking
 Interpersonal roots
 Precipitating stress
Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia
 General symptoms
 Delusions and irrational thought
 Deterioration of adaptive
behavior - avolition
 Hallucinations – any modality
but usually auditory
 Disturbed emotions – 66%
 Prognostic factor
 Gradual onset
 Sudden onset
Subtyping of Schizophrenia
 4 subtypes
 Paranoid type – most common subtype - John
Nash
 Catatonic type
 Disorganized type
 Undifferentiated type
 New model for classification
 Positive vs. negative symptoms
Personality Disorders
 Anxious-fearful cluster
 Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
 Dramatic-impulsive cluster
 Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
 Odd-eccentric cluster
 Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
 Etiology
 Genetic predispositions, inadequate socialization
in dysfunctional families
Eating Disorders
 Issues of weight
 Anorexia nervosa
 Criteria and subtypes: restrictive and binge/purge
 Bulimia nervosa
 Binge eating
 History and prevalence
 Age onset
 Etiology
 Genetics
 Personality – perfectionism
 Cultural issues - “perfect” body type and digital
photograph
 Family role
 Cognitive factors
Types of Treatment
 Types of therapies
 Insight therapies
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“talk therapy”
 Behavior therapies
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Changing overt behavior
 Biomedical therapies
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Biological functioning interventions
Who Seeks Treatment?
 15% of U.S population in a given year
 Most common presenting problems
 Anxiety and Depression
 Treatment seeking for various disorders
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Mood disorders
Women more than men
Medical insurance
Education level
Psychological Disorders and professional
treatment – Figure 15.3
Who Provides Treatment?
 Clinical psychologists
 Counseling psychologists
 Psychiatrists
 Clinical social workers
 Psychiatric nurses
 Counselors
 On-line treatment
Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis
 Sigmund Freud and followers
 Goal: discover unresolved unconscious
conflicts
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Free association
Dream analysis
Interpretation
 Resistance and transference
 Psychodynamic Therapies
Insight Therapies: Client Centered Therapy
 Carl Rogers
 Cause: Incongruency
 Goal: restructure self-concept to better
correspond to reality
 Therapeutic Climate
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Genuineness
Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
Therapies Inspired
by Positive Psychology
 Martin Seligman
 Uses theory and research to better understand
the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling
aspects of human existence
 well-being therapy
 positive psychotherapy
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can be an effective treatment for depression
Behavior Therapies
 B.F. Skinner and colleagues
 Goal: unlearning maladaptive behavior and learning
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adaptive ones
Systematic Desensitization – Joseph Wolpe
 Classical conditioning
 Anxiety/Fear hierarchy
Aversion therapy
 Alcoholism, sexual deviance, smoking, etc.
Social skills training
 Modeling
 Behavioral rehearsal
Biofeedback
XXX 15.8
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
 Aaron Beck
 Cognitive therapy
 Depression and negative thinking
 Albert Ellis
 Rational-emotive therapy
 Goal: to change the way clients think
 Detect and recognize negative thoughts
 Reality testing
 Effectiveness of Behavior Therapies
 Efficacy of behavioral interventions for a
variety of disorders
Biomedical Therapies
 Psychopharmacotherapy
 Antianxiety - Valium, Xanax, Buspar
 Antipsychotic - Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol
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Tardive dyskinesia
Atypical antipsychotic – reduce motor effects and other
neurotransmitters
Time course
 Antidepressant
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Tricyclics – Elavil, Tofranil
Mao inhibitors (MAOIs) - Nardil
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – Prozac, Paxil,
Zoloft – side effects
Risk of suicide
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Lithium, Valproic acid
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 Mood stabilizers
 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
 Deep brain stimulation
Social Thinking
Social Psychology
*scientific study of how we think about, influence,
and relate to one another
*how individuals affect each other
Social Context
*the real, imagined, or symbolic presence of other
people; the activities and interactions that take
place among people; the settings in which
behavior occurs; and the expectations and
social norms governing behavior in a given
setting.
Social Thinking
Attribution Theory
*tendency to give a causal explanation for
someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the
situation or the person’s disposition
Social Thinking
*Fundamental Attribution Error
*tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior,
to underestimate the impact of the situation and to
overestimate the impact of personal disposition
*dual tendency to overemphasize personal traits while
minimizing situational inferences.
***Always try to find a
situational explanation for
strange or bizarre behavior of
others before “blaming” them et.al. Did the person brake suddenly in
with dispositional
front of you because he is a jerk, or
explanations.
because a dog ran out in front of his
car?
Social Thinking
*Attitude
*belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a
particular way to objects, people and events
**OUTSIDE INFLUENCES ON WHAT WE SAY AND DO ARE MINIMAL (2002, with
most Americans supporting preemptive war in Iraq, most Democrats
publicly supported the idea while having private reservations)
** THE ATTITUDE IS SPECIFICALLY RELEVANT TO THE BEHAVIOR (proclaim love
while yelling at mate, cherish honesty while cheating on test)
**WE ARE KEENLY AWARE OF OUR ATTITUDES (we mindlessly follow habit or
others’ expectations while our attitudes lie dormant)
Social Thinking
Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as
well as by external social influences
Internal
attitudes
External
influences
Behavior
Social Thinking
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
*tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request
to comply later with a larger request
*Social Roles
*set of expectations about a social position
*defines how those in the position ought to behave
*when you adopt a new role (college student, marry, new job),
you strive to follow the social prescriptions. May feel phony at
first while you “act” the role.
No one “teaches” you your role.
*Social Roles:
involves a person’s
knowledge about the sequence of
events and actions that are expected of
a particular social role.
*Cognitive Dissonance
*When we voluntarily undergo
unpleasant experiences.
*voluntarily produce discomfort with
ideas that clash with their attitudes
and values
*et. al. Republican speaker in a
Democratic auditorium
Generally speaking, when
people’s cognitions and actions
are in conflict (a state of
dissonance) they often reduce the
conflict by changing their thinking
to fit their behavior.
*Cognitive Dissonance Theory
*people are motivated to avoid uncomfortable state of
dissonance
*must change either one’s behavior or one’s cognitions
*et.al. when we become aware that our attitudes and our
actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by
changing our attitudes
Social Influence
Conformity
*adapting one’s behavior or thinking/opinions to coincide with a group standard
*used to avoid rejection
Conformity increases when:
*one is made to feel incompetent or insecure
*the group is unanimous
*one admires the group’s status and attractiveness
*one has made no prior commitment to any response
*others in the group observe one’s behavior
*one’s culture strongly encourages respect for social
standards
Yielding to Others: Conformity
 Conformity – Solomon Asch (1950s)
 Group norm behavior
 Classic experiment
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Group size
Group unanimity
 Compliance
 Conforming to requested behavior
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Foot-in-door
Door-in-the-face
Yielding to Others: Obedience
 Obedience – Stanley Milgram (1960s)
 Controversial landmark experiment
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65% gave highest shock level
Many variations of basic experiment
 “I was just following orders”
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presence of a dissenter
Behavior in Groups: The Power of the Situation
 Social Roles
 Stanford Prison Study – Zimbardo
Behavior in Groups: The Influence
of Other People
 The Bystander Effect
 Diffusion of responsibility
 Group productivity and social loafing
 Decision making in groups
 Group Polarization –strengthen group views
 Groupthink - cohesiveness
 Bay of Pigs
 NASA Shuttle disaster
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