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More on SQL (and MySQL)
University of California, Berkeley
School of Information
IS 257: Database Management
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 1
Lecture Outline
• Review
– ColdFusion
– PHP
• More on ORACLE SQL and SQL-Plus
• MySQL
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 2
Web Application Server Software
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ColdFusion
PHP
ASP
All of the are server-side scripting
languages that embed code in HTML
pages
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 3
ColdFusion
• Developing WWW sites typically involved
a lot of programming to build dynamic
sites
– e.g. Pages generated as a result of catalog
searches, etc.
• ColdFusion was designed to permit the
construction of dynamic web sites with
only minor extensions to HTML through a
DBMS interface
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 4
What ColdFusion is Good for
• Putting up databases onto the Web
• Handling dynamic databases (Frequent
updates, etc)
• Making databases searchable and
updateable by users.
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 5
Templates
• Assume we have a database named
contents_of_my_shopping_cart.mdb -- single
table called contents...
• Create an HTML page (uses extension .cfm),
before <HEAD>...
• <CFQUERY NAME= ”cart"
DATASOURCE=“contents_of_my_shopping_car
t"> SELECT * FROM contents ;
</CFQUERY>
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 6
Templates cont.
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<HEAD>
<TITLE>Contents of My Shopping Cart</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>Contents of My Shopping Cart</H1>
<CFOUTPUT QUERY= ”cart">
<B>#Item#</B> <BR>
#Date_of_item# <BR>
$#Price# <P>
</CFOUTPUT>
</BODY>
</HTML>
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 7
Templates cont.
Contents of My Shopping Cart
Bouncy Ball with Psychedelic Markings
12 December 1998
$0.25
Shiny Blue Widget
14 December 1998
$2.53
Large Orange Widget
14 December 1998
$3.75
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 8
PHP
• PHP is an Open Source Software project
with many programmers working on the
code.
– Commonly paired with MySQL, another OSS
project
– Free
– Both Windows and Unix support
• Estimated that more than 250,000 web
sites use PHP as an Apache Module.
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 9
PHP Syntax
• Similar to ASP
<HTML><BODY>
<?php
$myvar = “Hello World”;
echo $myvar ;
?>
</BODY></HTML>
• Includes most programming structures (Loops,
functions, Arrays, etc.)
• Loads HTML form variables so that they are
addressable by name
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 10
Combined with MySQL
• DBMS interface appears as a set of
functions:
<HTML><BODY>
<?php
$db = mysql_connect(“localhost”, “root”);
mysql_select_db(“mydb”,$db);
$result = mysql_query(“SELECT * FROM employees”, $db);
Printf(“First Name: %s <br>\n”, mysql_result($result, 0 “first”);
Printf(“Last Name: %s <br>\n”, mysql_result($result, 0 “last”);
?></BODY></HTML>
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 11
SELECT
• Syntax:
– SELECT [DISTINCT] attr1, attr2,…, attr3 as
label, function(xxx), calculation, attr5, attr6
FROM relname1 r1, relname2 r2,… rel3 r3
WHERE condition1 {AND | OR} condition2
ORDER BY attr1 [DESC], attr3 [DESC]
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 12
CREATE SYNONYM
• CREATE SYNONYM newname FOR
oldname;
• CREATE SYNONYM BIOLIFE for
ray.BIOLIFE;
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 13
SELECT Conditions
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= equal to a particular value
>= greater than or equal to a particular value
> greater than a particular value
<= less than or equal to a particular value
<> not equal to a particular value
LIKE ‘%wom_n%’ (Note different wild card)
IN (‘opt1’, ‘opt2’,…,’optn’)
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 14
Aggregate Functions
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COUNT(dataitem)
AVG(numbercolumn)
SUM(numbercolumn)
MAX(numbercolumn)
MIN(numbercolumn)
STDDEV(numbercolumn)
VARIANCE(numbercolumn)
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 15
Numeric Functions
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ABS(n)
ACOS(n)
ASIN(n)
ATAN(n)
ATAN2(n, m)
CEIL(n)
COS(n)
COSH(n)
IS 257 – Fall 2006
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EXP(n)
EXP(n)
FLOOR(n)
LN(n)
LOG(m,n)
MOD(n)
POWER(m,n)
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ROUND(n)
SIGN(n)
SIN(n)
SINH(n)
SQRT(n)
TAN(n)
TANH(n)
TRUNC(n[,
m])
2006.10.19 SLIDE 16
Character Functions returning character values
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CHR(n)
CONCAT(char1,char2)
INITCAP(char)
LOWER(char)
LPAD(char, n,char2),
RPAD(char, n,char2)
• LTRIM(char, n, cset),
RTRIM(char, n, cset)
IS 257 – Fall 2006
• REPLACE(char, srch,
repl)
• SOUNDEX(char)
• SUBSTR(char, m, n)
• SUBSTRB(char, m, n)
• TRANSLATE(char,
from, to)
• UPPER(char)
2006.10.19 SLIDE 17
Character Function returning numeric values
• ASCII(char)
• INSTR(char1,
char2[,m, n])
• INSTRB(char1,
char2[,m, n])
• LENGTH(char)
• LENGTHB(char)
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 18
Date functions
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ADD_MONTHS(dt, n)
LAST_DAY(d)
MONTHS_BETWEEN(d1, d2)
NEW_TIME(d, z1, z2) -- PST, AST, etc.
NEXT_DAY(d, dayname)
ROUND(d, fmt) -- century, year etc.
SYSDATE
TRUNC(d, fmt) -- century, year, etc.
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 19
Conversion Functions
• CHARTOROWID(char)
• CONVERT(char, dchar,
•
TO_NUMBER(char,fmt
schar)
)
• HEXTORAW(char)
• TO_MULTIBYTE(char)
• RAWTOHEX(raw)
• TO_SINGLE_BYTE(ch
• ROWIDTOCHAR(rowid)
ar)
• TO_CHAR (date, fmt)
• TO_DATE(char, fmt)
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 20
Create Table
• CREATE TABLE table-name (attr1 attr-type
CONSTRAINT constr1 PRIMARY KEY, attr2 attrtype CONSTRAINT constr2 NOT NULL,…, attrM
attr-type CONSTRAINT constr3 REFERENCES
owner.tablename(attrname) ON DELETE
CASCADE, attrN attr-type CONSTRAINT
constrN CHECK (attrN = UPPER(attrN)), attrO
attr-type DEFAULT default_value);
• Adds a new table with the specified attributes
(and types) to the database.
– NOTE that the “CONSTRAINT and name parts are
optional)
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 21
Create Table
• CREATE TABLE table-name (
attr1 attr-type PRIMARY KEY,
attr2 attr-type NOT NULL,
…, attrM attr-type REFERENCES
owner.tablename(attrname) ON DELETE
CASCADE,
attrN attr-type CHECK (attrN =
UPPER(attrN)
attrO attr-type DEFAULT default_value);
– Without “CONSTRAINT” and name parts
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 22
Types
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VARCHAR2(size)
NUMBER(p, s)
LONG -- long char data
DATE -- from 4712BC to 4714 AD
RAW(size) -- binary
LONG RAW -- large binary
ROWID -- row reference
CHAR(size) -- fixed length characters
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 23
Alter Table
• ALTER TABLE table-name ADD attr1 attrtype;
• ALTER TABLE table-name ADD attr1
CONSTRAINT xxx constrainvalue;
• ALTER TABLE table-name MODIFY attr1
optiontochange;
• ALTER TABLE table-name DROP COLUMN
attr1;
• Adds, drops or modifies a column in an
existing database table.
– Note: constrainvalue is any column constraint like
‘PRIMARY KEY’, REFERENCES, etc.
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 24
INSERT
• INSERT INTO table-name (attr1, attr4,
attr5,…, attrK) VALUES (“val1”, val4,
val5,…, “valK”);
• OR
• INSERT INTO table-name SELECT col1,
col2, col3 as newcol2, col4 FROM xx, yy
WHERE where-clause;
• Adds a new row(s) to a table.
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 25
DELETE
• DELETE FROM table-name WHERE
<where clause>;
• Removes rows from a table.
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 26
UPDATE
• UPDATE tablename SET attr1=newval,
attr2 = newval2 WHERE <where clause>;
• changes values in existing rows in a table
(those that match the WHERE clause).
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 27
DROP Table
• DROP TABLE tablename;
• Removes a table from the database.
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 28
CREATE INDEX
• CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX indexname
ON tablename (attr1 [ASC|DESC][, attr2
[ASC|DESC], ...])
• Adds an index on the specified attributes
to a table
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 29
System Information In ORACLE
• Find all of the tables for a user
– SELECT * FROM ALL_CATALOG WHERE
OWNER = ‘userid’;
– SELECT * FROM USER_CATALOG; (or CAT)
• Show the attributes and types of data for a
particular table in SQLPlus
– DESCRIBE tablename;
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 30
Running commands
• Create file with SQL and SQLPlus
commands in it.
– Use a plain text editor and NOT a word
processor (or save as text only)
• Give the file the extension .sql
• From inside SQLPlus type
– START filename
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 31
Simple formatting in SQLPlus
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SET PAGESIZE 500
SET LINESIZE 79
PROMPT stuff to put out to screen
TTITLE “title to put at top of results pages”
COLUMN col_name HEADING “New
Name”
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 32
Outputting results as a file…
• SPOOL filename
• Commands
– everything that you see is copied to the file
until…
• SPOOL STOP
– File will be created with everything between
the SPOOL commands
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 33
Lecture Outline
• Review
– ColdFusion
– PHP
• More on ORACLE SQL and SQL-Plus
• MySQL
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 34
MySQL
• The tag-line at http://www.mysql.com is
– The world's most popular open source database
• It is true, it is the most widely used open source
database system with users and uses that range from
individuals to major corporations and includes…
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Evite
Friend Finder Network
Friendster
Google (not for search though )
PriceGrabber.com
Ticketmaster
Yahoo!
The US Census bureau
and many, many others
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 35
MySQL myths
• The MySQL.com web site contains a list of
common myths and misconceptions about
MySQL and refutes them:
– MYTH: MySQL is a new, untested database
management system
– MYTH: MySQL doesn’t support transactions like other
proprietary database engines (it is supposed to be in
the version we use here)
– MYTH: MySQL is only for small, departmental, or
web-based applications
– MYTH: MySQL doesn’t offer enterprise-class features
– MYTH: MySQL doesn’t have the type of support large
corporations need
– MYTH: MySQL isn’t open source any more
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 36
MySQL documentation
• MySQL is available for download from
MySQL.com
• In addition that site has complete online
documentation for the MySQL system and
for the mysql client program in their
‘Developer Zone’
– The online manuals are quite readable and
have lot of examples to help you
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 37
MySQL Data Types
• MySQL supports all of the standard SQL numeric data
types. These types include the exact numeric data types
(INTEGER, SMALLINT, DECIMAL, and NUMERIC), as
well as the approximate numeric data types (FLOAT,
REAL, and DOUBLE PRECISION). The keyword INT is
a synonym for INTEGER, and the keyword DEC is a
synonym for DECIMAL
• Numeric (can also be declared as UNSIGNED)
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TINYINT (1 byte)
SMALLINT (2 bytes)
MEDIUMINT (3 bytes)
INT (4 bytes)
BIGINT (8 bytes)
NUMERIC or DECIMAL
FLOAT
DOUBLE (or DOUBLE PRECISION)
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 38
MySQL Data Types
• The date and time types for representing
temporal values are DATETIME, DATE,
TIMESTAMP, TIME, and YEAR. Each temporal
type has a range of legal values, as well as a
“zero” value that is used when you specify an
illegal value that MySQL cannot represent
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DATETIME
'0000-00-00 00:00:00'
DATE '0000-00-00'
TIMESTAMP (4.1 and up) '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
TIMESTAMP (before 4.1) 00000000000000
TIME '00:00:00'
YEAR 0000
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 39
MySQL Data Types
• The string types are CHAR, VARCHAR,
BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB, TEXT, ENUM,
and SET
• Maximum length for CHAR and VARCHAR is
255
Value
""
"ab"
"abcd"
"abcdefg"
CHAR(4) Storage VARCHAR(4) Storage
" "
4 ""
1
"ab "
4 "ab"
3
"abcd"
4 "abcd"
5
"abcd"
4 "abcd"
5
• For longer things there is BLOB and TEXT
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 40
MySQL Data Types
• A BLOB is a binary large object that can hold a
variable amount of data.
• The four BLOB types are TINYBLOB, BLOB,
MEDIUMBLOB, and LONGBLOB. These differ
only in the maximum length of the values they
can hold
• The four TEXT types are TINYTEXT, TEXT,
MEDIUMTEXT, and LONGTEXT. These
correspond to the four BLOB types and have the
same maximum lengths and storage
requirements
• TINY=1byte, BLOB and TEXT=2bytes,
MEDIUM=3bytes, LONG=4bytes
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 41
MySQL Data Types
• BINARY and VARBINARY are like CHAR and VARCHAR
but are intended for binary data of 255 bytes or less
• ENUM is a list of values that are stored as their
addresses in the list
– For example, a column specified as ENUM('one', 'two', 'three')
can have any of the values shown here. The index of each value
is also shown:
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Value = Index
NULL = NULL
‘’
=
0
'one’ =
1
‘two’ =
2
‘three’ = 3
– An enumeration can have a maximum of 65,535 elements.
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 42
MySQL Data Types
• The final string type (for this version) is a SET
• A SET is a string object that can have zero or more
values, each of which must be chosen from a list of
allowed values specified when the table is created.
• SET column values that consist of multiple set members
are specified with members separated by commas (‘,’)
• For example, a column specified as SET('one', 'two')
NOT NULL can have any of these values:
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''
'one'
'two'
'one,two‘
• A set can have up to 64 member values and is stored as
an 8byte number
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 43
MySQL Demo
• MySQL is on Dream, like ORACLE
• Setup via My.SIMS
• Unix command for interactive use is
‘mysql’ which needs to include ‘-p’ to be
prompted for the password, and optionally
includes your database name, e.g.:
– mysql ray –p
• Note that the version on Dream is not the
latest – it is currently V. 3.23.58, latest is
5.1
IS 257 – Fall 2006
2006.10.19 SLIDE 44