Transcript Document

By Emma Moody, Emma Pickup, Ailsa Reid, Rebecca Pearce and Bethan
Hamilton




Background of the study
Experiment overview
Results
Critique
 Relevance of the study
 Priming
 Sample
 Extraneous Variables
 Implications of the findings


Future Research
References
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
2
Money change people’s motivation and behaviour towards
others (Lea & Webley, 2006; Amato & Rogers, 1997)
 Self-sufficiency
 Mental Priming

Hypothesis: Reminders of money will lead to changes in
behaviour suggesting self sufficiency
Prediction: People reminded of money will want to be free
of dependency and would prefer others not be dependent
on them
IV: Money priming techniques
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
3
N = 52
Conditions:
1. Money prime
2. Play-money
3. Control
Procedure: descrambling task, difficult but solvable problem
DV: persistence on the problem before asking for help
Results: worked longer before asking for help if primed
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
4
N = 38
Conditions:
1. High money prime
2. Low money prime
Procedure: essay read aloud, line tracing task
DV: persistence on an impossible task before asking for help
Results: high money condition worked longer before asking
for help
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
5
N = 39
Conditions:
1. Money prime
2. Control
Procedure : descramble task from Ex 1., experimenter asked
for help
DV: number of data sheets volunteer to code
Results: volunteered less time if in the money prime
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
6
N = 44
Conditions
1. Money prime
2. Control
Procedure: descramble task from Ex 1., confederate asks for
help
DV: time spent helping the confederate
Results: spent less time helping if primed
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
7
N = 36
Condition:
1. High money
2. Low money
3. Control
Procedure: Played monopoly, imagine the future, helpful
situation
DV: Number of pencils picked up
Results: High money condition gathered less pencils
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
8
N = 44
Conditions:
1. Money prime
2. Control
Procedure: descramble from Ex 1., donation opportunity
DV: amount of money donated
Result: donated less money if primed
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
9
N = 36
Conditions:
1. Money prime screensaver
2. Fish control screensaver
3. No-screensaver control
Procedure: irrelevant questionnaires, move chairs to talk to
another participant
DV: distance between the two chairs
Result: placed chairs further apart if primed
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
10
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
11
N = 61
Conditions:
1. Money prime poster
2. Seascape control poster
3. Flower control poster
Procedure: filler questionnaires, activity questionnaire
DV: number of solitary activities selected
Results: chose more individually focused activities if primed
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
12
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
13
N = 37
Conditions:
1. Money prime screensaver
2. Fish control screensaver
3. No screensaver control
Procedure: filler questionnaires like Ex 7., asked if want to
work alone or with a peer
DV: if opted to work alone or as a group
Result: desire to work with a peer reduced if primed
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
14
Ex
Priming Method
DV
Significance
1
Descramble task
Persistence before asking for help
P < 0.04
2
Essay
Persistence before asking for help
P = 0.05
3
Descramble task
Number of data willing to code
P < 0.05
4
Descramble task
Time spent helping a peer
P < 0.04
5
Monopoly money
and future question
Number of pencils gathered
P < 0.03
6
Descramble Task
Donation
P < 0.05
7
Screensaver
Chairs distance (cm)
P < 0.05
8
Poster
Number of solitary activities
P < 0.05
9
Screensaver
Opting to work alone
P < 0.01
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
15

Hypothesis supported

Self-sufficient pattern helps explain why people view
money as the greatest good and evil
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
16

Money creates self-sufficiency, people to be less helpful
and more likely to work on their own.
However
 Old crumpled money leads toward selfish behaviours and
clean money leads toward reciprocity. (Yang et. al. 2013)
 Self-sufficiency does not necessarily cause you to be less
helpful. Some self-sufficient people are self-immersed,
whereas some have a strong sense of connection to others
and a strong sense of empathy
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
17
Strahan et al (2002)
 Certain conditions need to be met
1. Goal relevant
2. Motivating

Our study complies to these criteria, so the priming
should be effective
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
18

Smeesters et al (2009) suggest those highly consistent in
social value orientation behave according to dispositions,
as opposed to primes.

Those with inconsistencies in compassion and empathy
towards others will be more susceptible.
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
19
Extraversion
 Johnson et al (1989) found altruism correlates highly with
extraversion.
 Eysenck defines extraversion partly as high sociability
(1981)

How can we be sure that the results are due to being
primed with money, and not just the consequences of
scoring high on extraversion?
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
20
Narcissism
 The study shows that a feature of self sufficiency is
narcissism

How do we know that some of the results do not just stem
from people scoring high on narcissism ?
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
21

Does fake money have the same effect on us as real
money?

Participants were primed with fake money and there is no
research to suggest that it has the same effect on humans
as real money.
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
22

Students were ‘bribed’ to take part with either a small cash
payment or credits for a university scheme.

Does this cancel out the effect of the prime?

Does this mean that those who didn’t have the financial
prime were in fact primed anyway?
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
23

Too small-61 participants, into 3 conditions

Gender and attitudes towards money (Lim, Teo et al. 2003)
males find money is power

Gender and donations (Brown-Kruse and Hummels 1993)men give more often

Women and altruism (Kamas, Preston et al. 2008)-women
give larger donations, dependent on gender of group.
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
24

More likely to donate in front of opposite sex

Confederates appearance (Benson, Karabenick et al. 1976)
(Wilson, 1978). The attractive people were helped more,
regardless of other characteristics
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
25

Wealth and altruism (Holland J, Silva AS et al. 2012)- richer
people were more altruistic

The sample recruited was only students.

Students replies are more homogenous and effect sizes
differ in nonstudent populations (Robert A. Peterson 2001)
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
26
Social Norms
 Research does not seem to suggest that males feel
socially obligated to help females.
 Van Vugt and Iredale (2013) found that men helped
more with a female audience, whereas women were not
affected by gender.
 Peacocking rather than social obligations.
 Attractiveness
 Probe Question
 All experiments were followed by a probe question
 Druckman (2001) suggested that the framing of
questions can affect behaviour.

20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
27

If richer people bond less with others, relationships may
be affected

As you feel less empathy towards others, you will feel less
emotional distress. This exclusion causes a desire for
money to increase. (Zhou, Vohs & Baumeister, 2009)

Lower class individuals are more compassionate than
upper class individuals (Stellar, Manzo, Kraus, & Keltner,
2012)
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
28
Include Eastern cultures
 Western cultures tend to be individualistic
 Eastern cultures are collectivists and focus on context
rather than content (Triandis,2004)
Measure Personality
 People scoring high on agreeableness tend to have more
empathy for others and so they will help people more
(Graziano, Tobin, Leary & Hoyle, 2009)
Gender
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
29
Vohs, K.D., Mead, N.L. & Goode, M.R. (2006). The
psychological consequences of money. Science, 314, 11541156.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/314/5802/1154.full
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
30
Amato, P. R., & Rogers, S. J. (1997). A Longitudinal Study of Marital Problems and
Subsequent Divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59(3), 612-624.
Benson, P. L., et al. (1976). "Pretty pleases: The effects of physical attractiveness,
race, and sex on receiving help." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 12(5):
409-415.
Benson, P. L., Karabenick, S. A., & Lerner, R. M. (1976). Pretty pleases: The effects of
physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 12(5), 406-415.
Brown-Kruse, J. and D. Hummels (1993). "Gender effects in laboratory public goods
contribution: Do individuals put their money where their mouth is?" Journal of
Economic Behavior & Organization 22(3): 255-267.
Druckman, J. N. (2001). The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence.
Political Behavior. 23(3), 225-256.
Eysenck, H. J. (Ed.). (1981). A model for personality. New York: Springer.
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
31
Graziano, W.G., Tobin, R.M., Leary, M.R., & Hoyle, R.H. (2009). Handbook of
individual differences in social behaviour. New York, NY, US: Guildford press, 4661.
Holland J, et al. (2012). "Lost Letter Measure of Variation in Altruistic Behaviour in 20
Neighbourhoods." PLoS ONE 7(8).
Johnson, R. C., et al. (1989). "Cross-cultural assessment of altruism and its
correlates." Personality and Individual Differences 10(8): 855-868.
Kamas, L., et al. (2008). "Altruism in individual and joint-giving decisions: What's
gender got to do with it?" Feminist Economics 14(3): 23-50.
Lea, S. E. G., & Webley, P. (2006). Money as tool, money as drug: The biological
psychology of a strong incentive. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
29(2),
161-196.
Lim, V. K. G., et al. (2003). "Sex, financial hardship and locus of control: an empirical
study of attitudes towards money among Singaporean Chinese." Personality and
Individual Differences 34(3): 411-429.
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
32
Price, R.H., J.N. Choi and A.D. Vinokur, 2002. Links in the chain of adversity following
job loss of personal control lead to depression, impaired functioning and poor
health. J. Occup. Health Psychol., 7: 302-312.
Robert A. Peterson (2001). "On the Use of College Students in Social Science
Research: Insights from a Second‐Order Meta‐analysis." Journal of Consumer
Research 28(3): 450-461.
Smeesters, D., et al. (2009). "When do primes prime? The moderating role of the
self-concept in individuals’ susceptibility to priming effects on social behavior."
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45(1): 211-216
Stellar, J.E., Manzo, V.M., Kraus, M.W., Keltner, D. (2012). Class and Compassion:
Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering. Emotion
Strahan, E. J., et al. (2002). "Subliminal priming and persuasion: Striking while the
iron is hot." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38(6): 556-568.
Triandis, H.C. (2004). The many dimensions of culture. ACAD Manage perspect 18(1),
88-93
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
33
Van Vugt, M., & Iredale, W. (2013). Men behaving nicely: Public goods as peacock
tails. British Journal of Psychology, 104(1), 3-13.
Wilson, D. W. (1978). Helping behavior and physical attractiveness. The Journal of
Social Psychology. 104(2), 313-314.
Yang, Q., Wu, X., Zhou, X., Mead, N.L., Vohs, K.D., & Baumeister, R.F. (2013).
Diverging effects of clean versus dirty money on attitudes, values and
interpersonal behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Zhou, X., Vohs, K.D., & Baumeister, R.F. (2009). The Symbolic Power of Money
Reminders of Money Alter Social Distress and Physical Pain. Psychological Science
20/07/2015
The Psychological Consequences of Money
34