Transcript Attitudes and the Spiritual Life-009 06-03-07

Attitudes and the Spiritual
Life-021
07-22-07
The Enneagram and The HAM’s:
Approbation Centered Strategies
The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• We have identified 12 Spiritual Life Factors and introduced
them in our SLB Series.
• The goal of the Attitudes and Spiritual Living Series is to
make each of these steps “practice-able” in our daily
confrontation with the World, the Flesh and the Devil, who
come to us in the form of situations and people who afford
us the opportunity to demonstrate the Nature of God that
He has given us in our Regeneration - the Genetic
Reservoir of Righteousness.
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Unskilled and Unaware of It
• Abstract
People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities
in many social and intellectual domains.
• The authors suggest that this overestimation occurs, in
part, because people who are unskilled in these domains
suffer a dual burden: Not only do these people reach
erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but
their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability
to realize it.
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Unskilled and Unaware of It
• Matthew 13:13 (AMP)
•
• 13 This is the reason that I speak to them in
parables: because having the power of
seeing, they do not see; and having the
power of hearing, they do not hear, nor do
they grasp and understand.
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The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• Personality can be defined as a dynamic and
organized set of characteristics possessed by a
person that uniquely influences his or her
cognition, motivations, and behaviors in various
situations (Ryckman, 2004).
• The word "personality" originates from the greek
persona, which means mask. Significantly, in the
theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world, the
mask was not used as a plot device to disguise
the identity of a character, but rather was a
convention employed to represent or typify that
character.
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Attitudes
• Unlike personality, attitudes are expected to
change as a function of experience. Tesser
(1993) has argued that hereditary variables
may affect attitudes - but believes that they
may do so indirectly.
• For example, if one inherits the disposition
to become an extrovert, this may affect
one's attitude to certain styles of music.
There are numerous theories of attitude
formation and attitude change.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude: A relatively stable and enduring
predisposition to behave or react in a
characteristic way.
•
The American Heritageｨ Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 2nd Edition Copyright
2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Appraisal
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Attitude
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Sequence of Thinking
The Event
Perception
Appraisal Filter
SC
Attribution
Mood
Beliefs
Attitude
Knowledge
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Representation
Choice “A”
The Volitional
Interlude
Spirituality
OR
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Choice “B”
Carnality
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The Goal of the ASL Study
•
[Attitudes represent] a more or less permanently enduring
state of readiness of mental organization which
predisposes an individual to react in a characteristic way
(Cantril, 1934).
• An attitude, roughly, is a residuum of experience, by which
further activity is conditioned and controlled ... We may
think of attitudes as acquired tendencies to act in specific
ways toward objects (Krueger & Reckless, 1931).
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Attitude
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Appraisal
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Enneagram - Types
• 1. Reformers. (Perfectionist) The underlying
motivation of the 1 is to be RIGHT, and to
avoid being WRONG. The Achiever
• 2. Helpers. Helpers focus their lives on
giving and receiving love. The Giver.
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The Enneagram - Types
• 3. Motivators (The Performer) admire
success, and want others to admire their
successes. Threes are often impressive
people with impressive credentials,
accomplishments. The Succeeder.
• 4. Romantics - Fours combine emotional
intensity, sensitivity, and intuition all in one
person. Romantics don't settle for the
ordinary. The Individualist
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The Enneagram - Types
• 5. Thinkers. Type five is the most mentally intense, making
maximum use of their intellectual capacities. They think
before they act, thinkers are excellent investigators, sharp
observers. The Observer
• 6. The Skeptic. The Devil's Advocate - Sixes are both
affectionate and skeptical. They like people, they value
trust, and when they trust someone they are extremely loyal
to that individual. The Guardian.
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The Enneagram - Types
• 7. Adventurers. (The Epicure) Sevens hate
boredom and love stimulating activity. Hence they
are adventurous, and accumulate wider and wider
experiences, as they get older. The Dreamer.
• 8. Leaders. (The Boss) assertive, blunt and
fearless; they speak their minds, independent. The
Confronter
• 9. Mediator. (Peacemaker) The underlying
motivation of type 9 is achieving peace of mind.
They are problem-solvers and impartial judges.
The Preservationist.
• The more complete description of the 9 types is
found in lessons 9 & 10 of this Attitudes Series.
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The Enneagram - Types
• Daily Life Examples:
• A one might be reading because reading is a
metaphorical way of "doing the right thing." The
book was assigned or recommended and they are
just behaving well.
• A Two will be reading the book because she wants
to please her best friend who loves this kind of
book.
• A Three will be reading the book because it will
enable her to do better work.
• A four will be reading the book because of the
emotional charge this gives him.
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The Enneagram - Types
• A five will read the book to gain control over his
environment or to enjoy the story vicariously.
• A six will be reading the book because it contains
warnings about pesticides in the environment.
• A seven will read the book as long as it is
interesting.
• An eight will read the book to increase her
personal power.
• And a nine will read the book because everybody
in his circle of friends is reading it.
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The Enneagram - Stories
• The story of the One is being flawed and finding flaws; the
Two is not having their needs met; the Three is being loved
only for what they accomplish; the Four is a life of tragedy;
the Five is being too fragile to handle life; the Six is not
being able to trust; the Seven is making plans for more
experiences; the Eight is attacking the world for what has
been done wrong; and the Nine is being so inferior that
there’s no point being present.
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The Enneagram - Instincts
• The Enneagram breaks the HAM’s, the Human Happiness
Attainment Motivators of the Sinful Nature, into three
“instinctual variants”, which they call Self-Preservation,
Social, and Intimate (also known as Sexual or One-to-One).
• They reflect the three basic desires in our human nature;
the desire to protect the self, the desire to interact with
others, and the desire for intimacy or sexuality.
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The Enneagram - Instincts
• A person's instinctual variant is determined by
which common issues constellate around a
particular variant.
• For example, a Social person's prime issues have
to deal with how they relate to others, get along
with them, be seen by them, etc.
• The instinctual variants are fairly new and not
much information and research is available on
them, so they are an optional way of viewing the
Enneagram.
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The Instinctive Subtypes
• There are three instinctual drives or Subtypes in
the Enneagram system • the Self-Preserving (The Materialism HAM),
• the Social (The Approbation HAM) and
• the Sexual (The Sexual HAM).
• Enneagram adherents state that, “like the nine
passions of the Enneagram points, the instinctual
drives act as a force underlying our life strategies
- often unconscious yet all-pervasive - and
represent our most fundamental way of being.”
(Katherine Chernick Fauvre)
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The Instinctive Subtypes
• The three instinctual drives color the way
we act, think, feel, and ultimately express
ourselves.
• Each instinctual drive can manifest within
each of the nine Enneagram types (in effect
resulting in a total of 27 Instinctual
Subtypes).
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The Instinctive Subtypes
• The instinctual drives appear to be not only
instrumental in distinguishing the different
styles of manifesting our Enneagram type
behavior, but also perhaps the stronger,
more unconscious, yet all-pervasive
element of our personality type.
• The underlying influence of the dominant
instinctual drive can be quite powerful.
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The 2,3 and 4 Strategies
• The so-called Heart type people, the Emotionally
centered, Approbation Motivated approach to life
are relationship-oriented, and their domain is
subjective feelings.
• Concerned with what others think of them, image
and prestige, they see themselves as being for
others, often believing they know what's best for
them.
• They dislike being alone, may feel sad,
inadequate, and ashamed.
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Quick Review of 2
• Helpers [2], who are compulsively
motivated by the need to feel needed
through caring for others, experience the
psychological addiction of pride.
• To be loved, to be needed, to be
appreciated, to get others to respond to
them, to vindicate their claims about
themselves.
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Instinctual Stackings of Two
• When the social instinct is dominant (Approbation
+Approbation), the fear of being unloved is less
focused on key individuals.
• The sin of pride becomes very apparent in this
subtype, and focuses on the need for approbation
in all social situations.
• The image/feeling issues of the type combine with
the social instinct, and can make for the very
caring compassionate drive that is often seen in
the social Two.
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Instinctual Stackings of Two
• The self-preservation (Materialism +
Approbation) Two turns their fear of being
unloved into material giving.
• They give of themselves in concrete terms,
as in doing things for others.
• Giving and doing can result in a feeling of
entitlement, where they give to get,
expecting the return of whatever good they
have brought to others.
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Instinctual Stackings of Two
• Sexual Subtype
• This subtype loves attention.
• They give by shows of affection and by spending
time with those they are focused on.
• They make themselves attractive to be lovable.
• They can be very flirtatious, and are very good at
making the other person feel special.
• On the down side, if this attention is not
reciprocated, they can become controlling and
manipulative.
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The 3
• Succeeders are compulsively motivated by
the need to feel successful in the outer
world.
• To be affirmed, to distinguish themselves
from others, to have attention, to be
admired, to impress others.
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Review of the Three
• People of Enneatype Three need the admiration
of others in order to feel worthy; indeed at a very
deep and largely subconscious level, Threes feel
as though they need to see themselves reflected
in the eyes of others in order even to exist.
• At the very center of the type Three fixation then,
is a fundamental confusion about the difference
between appearance and reality, image and
substance, who they are and who they are taken
to be.
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Review of the Three
• Focus of attention: looking successful by
fudging or distorting margins of the truth;
delegating responsibility and claiming
credit; being productive and efficient;
achievement and exaggerating their
importance; public acclaim; reframing
failure in the positive, eliminating any
failure, competition, all about me; usurping
other people’s hard work and success.
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Review of the Three
• Threes are people who adopt an ideal of success
and attempt to embody it.
• As modern western culture is pluralistic, there are
many possible ideals from which the Three might
choose.
• Whichever ideal is chosen however, it is
something which, by its very nature, is
approximated by just a few.
• Threes are therefore forced to compete.
• Language: achievement, success, winning, goals,
efficiency; completion of tasks; doing.
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Review of the Three
• Threes tend to pursue their chosen ideal
with zest, determination and focus.
• They believe in their innate abilities and are
optimistic about their prospects.
• They tend to be good networkers and know
how to rise through the ranks.
• They know how to present themselves, are
socially competent, often extroverted and
sometimes charismatic.
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Review of the Three
• Many Threes subtly and even
unconsciously alter their self-presentation to
appeal to the particular person or audience
with whom they are engaging.
• In the process of doing so, they sometimes
lose touch with who they really are.
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Review of the Three
• Threes frequently are successful, at least as
defined by their chosen system of values.
• They tend to be doggedly determined and are not
easily deterred by failure.
• Lance Armstrong, whose success has even
managed to be inspirational, is a good case in
point.
• But while Threes do tend to be “successful,”
sometimes even extraordinarily so, they are often
secretly afraid of being or becoming "losers."
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Review of the Three
• It is not surprising then that Threes can
sometimes find intimacy difficult.
• Their need to be validated for their image
often hides a deep sense of shame and
confusion about who they really are.
• Having achieved success, Threes can
begin to wonder whether they are truly
loved for who they are, rather than for what
they have achieved or how they appear.
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Review of the Three
• Threes tend to be large hearted, generous
and likable, but they are often difficult to
really know.
• Threes get in trouble when they confuse
true happiness, which depends on inner
states, with the image of happiness that
they so easily project.
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Review of the Three
• When Threes are out of touch with themselves; it
is as if they had an inner checklist to determine
the extent of their well being: good job – check,
attractive spouse – check, beautiful children –
check.
• The attainment of the image never quite satisfies,
and the greater the disjunct between the Three's
image and who they feel themselves to really be,
the more likely the Three is to experience
psychological disturbances of various kinds.
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Review of the Three
• Traditionally, Threes are said to harbor the vice of
“deceit.”
• This vice doesn’t necessarily refer to dishonesty
in the conventional sense, and certainly many
Threes are ethical in that sense of the term,
although some, of course, do adopt lying as one
means of achieving success.
• The central deception of the Three however, is
that which the Three engages in by mistaking the
image he or she projects, for the reality of an
inner life, and for seducing others into making that
same mistake.
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Review of the Three
• Healthy Threes manage to embody
valuable ideal qualities without losing
contact with their depths and they inspire
and encourage others to live up to their own
individual ideals.
• They are generous with their time and
energy and are willing to help others
actualize their potential.
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Review of the Three
• When they begin to realize that “success” is
not fulfilling them, they immerse themselves
in activity in order to distract themselves
from their growing sense of inner
emptiness.
• Increasingly cut off from their depths, they
become glib and superficial.
• As they descend into narcissism, they can
become cold blooded and ruthless in
pursuit of their goals.
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