Transcript Socialization - Mr. Sich's Website

SOCIALIZATION
Chapter 4
SOCIALIZATION
 The process by which we learn to become
members of society.
 We do so by learning rules and norms of the
society we live.
 Socialization is a life-long process
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
 Personality
…
Includes all the relatively stable patterns of
thinking, feeling, and acting that distinguish one
individual from another.
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
OR NATURE VS. NURTURE
 Nature (heredity)- An individual’s personality is
shaped primarily by heredity.
 Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection
emphasized instincts that were made up of
inherited behaviors.
NURTURE
 Belief that an individual’s personality is made up
of the environment they grow up in.
 Ivan Pavlov experimented with dogs and
demonstrated that a dog could learn to associate
the ringing of a bell with food and to salivate
whenever it heard the bell, whether or not it saw
food or not.
JOHN B. WATSON
 American psychologist who believed that he could
train an infant to become anything he wantedartist, lawyer, or thief- not matter what the child’s
ability or ancestry.
SOCIOBIOLOGY
 The biological basis of social behaviors.
 Those who believe in sociobiology believe that
even such varied cultural behaviors as ways of
practicing religion or choosing mates are
determined by biological factors.
YOU DECIDE…NATURE VS. NURTURE
Divide up into two teams. You must choose
a side, no middle ground here. Do you
believe one’s personality is more based on
nature or nurture. Your team must make an
argument(s) of why you feel this way. Cite
examples that you know or base it on what
you have read.
BIRTH ORDER
 Research
indicates that
birth order does
shape a child’s
personality.
How?
ONLY CHILD
 Appear to endure much pressure to achieve and
excel.
 Tend to seek involvement in social institutions
and take on leadership roles.
OLDEST CHILD
 Have many of the same traits as only children.
 More likely to be cooperative, cautious, and
achievement oriented than their siblings.
LATER CHILDREN
 Tend to be better in social relationships and to be
more affectionate, friendly, and creative than
their siblings.
 They may not be as driven to achieve as oldest
children.
 Normally show more sensitivity and value sense
of humor.
PARENTS
 Many sociologists believe that the connection
between mother and child begin before birth.
 Mother and Father play an important role as role
models for children throughout their lifetime.
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE
 A society’s cultural environment may determine
which personality traits are emphasized.
 What you wear, how you act, other things that
shape your personality.
SENSE OF SELF
SENSE OF SELF
 Develops gradually over time.
 A child cries in reaction to a physical stimuli such
as hunger, wetness and cold. Babies realize early
on that when they make noise, they get a
reaction.
JOHN LOCKE’S TABULA RASA
 John Locke’s theory that human babies are born with a blank
slate and are shaped by socialization to be good or bad,
optimistic or pessimistic, generous or selfish.
 No personality at birth, shaped by social experiences.
CHARLES COOLEY’S LOOKING
GLASS SELF
 Our impressions of ourselves
developed by interactions
with other people.
 Social Psychologist Charles
Cooley proposed that we learn
who we are by interacting
with others.
 Our view of ourselves, then,
comes from our impressions of
how others perceive us.
LOOKING GLASS SELF THREE
STAGES

You imagine how you appear to others.

You then imagine how others judge you. (Do
people think I am smart?)

You use these perceptions of others’ judgments to
develop feelings about yourself.
MEAD’S ROLE TAKING
 American Sociologist
George Herbert Mead
based his role-taking
theory on how social
interactions shape
personality.
 He felt the self emerges in
three separate phases:
MEAD’S ROLE TAKING

Preparatory Stage: Children merely imitate the
people around them.

Play Stage (around age 3) Children develop
skills in using symbols-gestures, objects, and
language that form the basis for communication.
Begins the process of Role Taking
…

Developing the ability to pretend to be other
people.
Game Stage (around the age of 8 or 9) Children
learn to respond to and understand the roles
that others around them take.
…
Mead says the child has a sense of I and me.
SIGMUND
FREUD
Unconscious and Conscious Mind
PSYCHOANALYSIS
 A theory holding that unconscious childhood
experiences and instinct-based drives largely
shape personality and behavior.
 Freud believed that three parts of their
personality were continually at war:
THE ID
 The most primitive and selfish part of human
personality.
 Infants are born with an id that demands
immediate fulfillment of biological needs.
 For example, the id controls hunger and physical
discomfort, and a baby reacting to stimuli.
THE SUPER EGO
 Conscience
 Develops as a child goes through the socialization
process.
 The superego is the internalized voice of society
that has the job of telling the id “no.”
THE EGO
 Develops last.
 It attempts to mediate between the selfish id and
the societal demands of the super ego.
 Freud believed that the ego’s job is impossible, so
constant conflict characterizes human personality.
PIAGET’S STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
 The changes over time in the way we think, learn,
reason, and acquire language.
 Piaget believed this to happen in four main
stages.
STAGE 1
 Acquiring motor intelligence.
 From birth to age 2.
 Develops motor and sensory skills, such as
moving hands to reach an object.
STAGE 2
 Preoperational stage
 Children begin to use words and symbols to
describe objects and ideas.
 Ages 2 to 7.
 Learn to communicate with others.
 Still very self-centered.
 Cannot understand volume, weight.
STAGE 3
 Concrete Operational Stage
 From ages 7 to 12
 Intelligence develops quickly.
 Abstract concepts such as love and death only
have meaning in terms of specific concrete
references such as “”Love is hugging Mommy and
Daddy.”
STAGE 4
 Formal Operational Stage
 Adolescence
 Individuals begin to think abstractly
and so are able to think about theories
and questions of morality.
 In school, you are able to learn more
complex mathematical operations and
understand a difference between two
ideologies, such as capitalism and
socialism.
 They can reflect on self images and
future plans.
AGENTS OF
SOCIALIZATION
AGENTS OF SOCIALIATION
 Individuals or institutions that teach a society’s
culture.
 Examples throughout life:
…
Family
…
Schools and daycare centers
…
Peer Groups
…
Mass Media
FAMILY
 Transmits attitudes, values, and norms.
 Strong and decisive
 Influence on gender roles, political views,
religious practices, marriage and parenthood.
SCHOOLS AND DAYCARE CENTERS

Transmit knowledge and life skills.

Two types of information learned here:
…
Intentional from formal class setting, or
curriculum
…
Unintentional from staff behavior and attitude
and society connections made at school
PEER GROUPS
 Transmit how to behave in voluntary
relationships.
 This socialization grows stronger with age.
 Includes playmates when a young child, friends
when you are older, and eventually business
relationships.
MASS MEDIA
 Transmit societal attitudes, values, and norms.
Provides information of all kinds.
 Important to even children as children spend so
much time watching television.
 Can shape attitudes about politics, influence
style, regulate social expectations, and develop
attitudes about violence.
SOCIALIZATION
THROUGHOUT LIFE
ADOLESCENCE
 Between childhood and adulthood.
 Physically most are adults, but they are not
allowed to take on many adult roles such as
voting or going to war.
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF
ADOLESCENCE
 Heightened importance of peers
 Increasing levels of responsibility
 Search for identity
 Conflicting pressures and concerns
EARLY AND MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
 All the socialization
of childhood and
adolescence pays off
for people in many
ways.
 It assists in
developing and
maintaining
friendships and
enhances
communication
skills.
EARLY AND MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
 Resocialization
takes place in this
period quite often.
 This is the altering
of what we have
learned earlier and
learning new kinds
of appropriate
behavior.
MALE AND FEMALE LIFE PATTERNS
 Males and females have different experiences as
they go through early and middle adulthood.
DANIEL LEVINSON
 Psychologist who developed the three
development stages for males in early and midadulthood.
NOVICE PHASE
 17 – 32 Years of age
 Stage where men leave home and achieve
independence from parents.
 Explore more options in personal and workplace
relationships.
 Often involves marrying, becoming a parent, and
deciding on a career.
SETTLING DOWN PERIOD
 Generally from 33 to 39 years of age
 Focused on establishing oneself in society
 Men often are forming commitments to family,
work, friendships and community all at the same
time.
MIDLIFE TRANSITION
 From 40 to 44
 Bridge between early and middle adulthood.
 Many men take stock of whether they have
realized their dreams, or goals.
 Goals are often revised at these ages.
 Oftentimes at this age men become mentors, close
advisors to younger people.
IRENE FRIEZE
 Focused her studies on adult female development
 Suggested women go through three phases in
early and mid adulthood
FRIEZES’ THREE PHASES



Leaving the family
…
Women leave the home and establish their own identities.
…
Emphasis is placed on marriage for many women in this
phase, even many of those who choose to have a career
…
Even women who have a career, marriage plays a dominant
role in their lives.
Entering the adult world
…
Dual roles of career and marriage, particularly motherhood,
place a strain on young women.
…
Many women have a break in employment when children are
young, this is different than most men’s experiences.
Entering the Adult World again
…
Usually around early to mid 30’s, due to having children.
JOBS AND THE
WORKPLACE
WHAT DO YOU DO?
 The labor force consists of all people 16 and older
who have paid jobs or are seeking employment.
 Most adults will work nearly 50 years throughout
their lives
OCCUPATIONAL JOB CATEGORIES
 Managerial and Professional:
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Business Executives
Office and sales managers
Store supervisors
Doctors
Lawyers
Computer Specialists
Editors
Engineers
Accountants
TECHNICAL, SALES AND
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
 Laboratory
technicians
 X-ray and imaging
technicians
 Retail salespeople
 Secretaries
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
 Teachers
 Social Workers
 Nurses
PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT
AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS
 Plumbers
 Electricians
 Carpenters
 HVAC
OPERATORS AND LABORERS
 Jobs requiring manual, often repetitive, skills, most
of which involve operating some type of machinery.
FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING
 Small percentage of Americans hold these jobs
today.
OLD AGE
OLD AGE: ITS ALL RELATIVE
 To young people, it may mean anyone over 30.
 To people in their 30’s, it may mean 60’s
 To people in their 60’s, it may mean 80.
 “50 is the new 30”
HOW DO WE DEFINE OLD AGE
 Decreasing activity
 Retirement from
work
 Increasing problems
with health
WORK AND RETIREMENT
 For most adults, work is their master status
 Transition to retirement can be very difficult
 Retirement satisfaction depends on many factors
including:
… Feelings of achievement, financial security, health
concerns, and type of profession.
NEW EXPECTATIONS
 Some in retirement will expect to just have free
time.
 Some in retirement will get part time jobs
 Some will take up new interests.
 Some become active in voluntary organizations
DEATH AND DYING
 The last stage of life is that stage that
immediately precedes death.
 Everyone deals with death in different ways. A
person’s health and religious beliefs are just a
couple factors that influence how death is dealt
with.
FIVE STAGES OF DEATH
 Elisabeth Kubler Ross
…
Outlined the five stages of death after a classical
study of dying
STAGES OF DYING
 Denial- People ignore the truth that
they are dying.
 Anger- “Why me.” A reaction to
knowing one is dying.
 Bargaining- Promising to live better
and behave better if allowed to live.
 Depression- Feeling hopeless about
the future.
 Acceptance- The sum total of one’s life
experiences and the inevitability of
death.