Transcript Counseling Perspectives

Counseling
Perspectives
Counseling Introduction
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Definition: to advise, recommend, guide,
and exchange ideas and opinions
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GOAL OF COUNSELING: facilitate
changes in a person’s behavior
– concerned with individuals whose problem
relate directly to role definition
Counselor’s Task
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Essential task of a counselor:” assisting
individuals work toward an
understanding of themselves in order to
learn new ways of coping with and
adjusting to either negative life
situations or those to which they may
respond negatively or unrealistically
Counseling Process
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Counseling process is supportive, insight reeducative, and usually short term
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Used to help individuals make practical
changes in their lives without necessarily
modifying established personality patterns
– based on a WELL-MODEL of mental health
Counseling Theories
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Major theories
– 1. Information Educational
– 2.Client centered, Rogerian Therapy
– 3. Rational Emotive Therapy, Ellis
– 4. Cognitive-Behavioral, Skinner
– 5. Family Systems Counseling
– 6. Psychotherapy
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Variations and combinations
1. Informational/Educational
A Professional Obligation
 Providing information when requested
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– part of the therapy process
– related to Ryan’s Model because of …….
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Planned as part of therapy intervention
– in Therapy Plan called: _______________
– plan time in the therapy session
Resources
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Resources
– ASHA
– other professional organizations
– pamphlets
– web-sites
– video tapes
2. Client-Centered Approach or
Self-Help theory of Carl Rogers
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Rogers views change in the client to be
the direct result of the dynamic way in
which the client and therapist
experience their relationship
– structure of personality is based on 3 major
elements:
• phenomenal field
• the organism
• the self
Roger’s 3 Major Elements:
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1. Phenomenal Field
– people are in the center of an everchanging phenomenal field that is ever
changing
• how we respond to events depends on how we
perceive reality
• when our perception of reality changes, so do
our reactions to that reality
– example: if a stutterer perceives their stuttering as
the essence of their reality, it becomes that alone on
which they focus ads react to negatively
Client-Centered Approach: Organism
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2. Organism
– total individual
– acts as a complete, organized system in which
modification of any part of that system produces
changes in any other part or parts
– consists of all thoughts, behaviors, and physical
attributes making up the individual
– self-actualization -to have our needs expressed or
satisfied
• the more we are willing to acknowledge our
reactions and identify them consciously, the
more we are likely to grow positively
Client-Centered Approach: the SELF
Roger’s most important principle
 as an individual strives to maximize potential,
that person must differentiate and
discriminate the object of one’s feelings and
perceptions and in the interrelationship
among them
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– personal environment, experiences
– as the structure of the self continues to
reorganize, the concept of self becomes more
congruent with individauls’s experi3efnces
Application to Communication Disorders
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A stutterer may focus on the disability to the
exclusion of other aspects within their
phenomenal field ( person’s unique
perceptual reality)
 How a person perceives their subjective
realities depends on the nature and quality of
their own interrelated past experiences
– includes family, culture, social, physical
intelligence, health
– totality of the person’s particular perception
becomes fixed within the phenomenal field
Conclusion of Rogerian Therapy
– the individual who fixates on the disorder
itself will tend to identify the disorder as
representing the totality of his being
Major importance: potential of
CHANGES exists because, we as
humans are constantly striving to
expand, extend, and develop=mature
 Entails the opportunity, motivation, the
will and courage to become more fully
aware of self-being and self-functioning
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3. Rational Emotive Therapy Model
Albert Ellis
 RET therapy approach
 model: essentially control our own
destinies as long as we believe in and
act on values that are impotent and
significant to us
 RET is a self-help tool
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– most emotional disturbance is a function of
basic irrational beliefs that are selfdefeating and absurd
RET as Self-Help Tool
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RET is a self-help tool to discover our
irrational beliefs and learn to use logical
methods to convince ourselves of the
irrationality of those beliefs
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RET is a logicoempirical method of
questioning and confronting
IRRATIONAL BELIEFS
ABC’s of RET
A energizing event or experience
 B Choices based on beliefs
 C Consequences
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framework includes generic
predisposition, prior interpersonal
learning, innately predisposed habit
patterns
Selected Cultural Irrational Beliefs
1. It s simpler to avoid confronting lie’s
difficulties and our responsibilities than
to take on more rewarding modes of
self-discipline
 2. Difficulties in life should not exist, and
people and events should be different
from what they are
 3. We should be very concerned and
use by other people’s problems
 4. Maximum human happiness can be
achieved by inaction or by passivity
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Cognitive, Emotive, and Behavioral
Techniques and the Counseling Process
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RET is a logicoempirical method of
questioning and confronting IRRATIONAL
BELIEFS
 Common therapy techniques
– Detecting self-defeating behaviors
– Debating to help person relinquish irrational
beliefs
• “What evidence is there that this always happens?’
– Discriminating between unabsolutist values:
likes, wants, desires and absolutist values:
needs and personal demands
RET therapists offers client an
opportunity to express emotions and
offer ‘unconditional acceptance’
 Main function of psychotherapy is to
enhance the individual’s self-respect,
self-confidence so person can solve the
problem of self-evaluation
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REBT
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Behavioral techniques for RET which
includes
– homework assignments
– desensitization techniques
• gradual or ‘flooded’
– use of rewards and punishment
Application to Communication Disorders
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Addressing the irrational attitudes that appear
to perpetuate stuttering behaviors and
maintain the self-effacing and self-destructive
attitudes of those who stutter
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Reduction of negative emotions: depression,
anxiety, guilt, anger, frustration
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Discovering new ways to cope
SUCCESFULLY with life
Cognitive Behavior
Therapy
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
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Website: : http://www.cognitive-behavior-therapy.org/
Age-Ranges: school age – adult
Intent and Type of Program:
Behavior therapy to help you weaken the connections between
troublesome situations and your habitual reactions to them. Reactions such
as fear, depression or rage, and self-defeating or self-damaging behavior
(also stuttering). It also teaches you how to calm your mind and body, so you
can feel better, think more clearly, and make better decisions.
Cognitive therapy to teach you how certain thinking patterns are causing
your symptoms — by giving you a distorted picture of what's going on in
your life, and making you feel anxious, depressed or angry for no good
reason, or provoking you into ill-chosen actions.
When combined into CBT, behavior therapy and cognitive therapy provide
you with very powerful tools for stopping your symptoms and getting your life
on a more satisfying track.
Features of the Program
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CBT is active therapy
- In CBT, your therapist takes an active part in solving
your problems. He or she doesn't settle for just nodding
wisely while you carry the whole burden of finding the
answers you came to therapy for.
- You will receive a thorough diagnostic workup at the
beginning of treatment — to make sure your needs and
problems have been pinpointed as well as possible.
- This crucial step — which is often skimped or omitted
altogether in traditional kinds of therapy — results in an
explicit, understandable, and flexible treatment plan that
accurately reflects your own individual needs.
- In many ways CBT resembles education, coaching or
tutoring. Under expert guidance, as a CBT client you will
share in setting treatment goals and in deciding which
techniques work best for you personally.
Features Cont.
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Structured and focused
- CBT provides clear structure and focus to treatment.
Unlike therapies that easily drift off into interesting but
unproductive side trips, CBT sticks to the point and
changes course only when there are sound reasons for
doing so.
- As a CBT client, you will take on valuable “homework”
projects to speed your progress. These assignments —
which are developed as much as possible with your own
active participation — extend and multiply the results of
the work done in your therapist's office.
- You may also receive take-home readings and other
materials tailored to your own individual needs to help
you continue to forge ahead between sessions.
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Features Cont.
The levers of change
- The two most powerful levers of constructive change
(apart from medication in some cases) are these . . .
- Altering ways of thinking — a person's thoughts,
beliefs, ideas, attitudes, assumptions, mental imagery,
and ways of directing his or her attention — for the
better. This is the cognitive aspect of CBT.
- Helping a person greet the challenges and
opportunities in his or her life with a clear and calm mind
— and then taking actions that are likely to have
desirable results. This is the behavioral aspect of CBT.
- In other words, CBT focuses on exactly what traditional
therapies tend to leave out — how to achieve beneficial
change, as opposed to mere explanation or “insight.”
Features Cont.
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CBT is usually brief
- Most CBT patients are able to complete their
treatment in just a few weeks or months — even
for problems that traditional therapies often take
years to resolve, or aren't able to resolve at all.
- Meanwhile, for people with complex problems,
or who are forced to live in adverse conditions
beyond their control, longer-term treatment is
also available
Peer Reviews
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Betsy Jacobson of Brewster, N.Y., had grappled
with the crippling effects of depression and a
deflated ego almost her entire life. Reared in a
domineering family with a controlling father, she
was unable to fulfill her ambitions and use her
talents as an actress.
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"I was scheduled to fail at everything I did," she
recalled in an interview. Years of psychotherapy,
including analysis, did nothing to ease her
psychic pain -- nothing, that is, until she began
seeing a cognitive therapist.
Peer Review Cont.
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Cognitive therapy helps to improve people's moods and
behavior by changing their faulty thinking, how they
interpret events and talk to themselves. It guides them
into thinking more accurately and realistically and teaches
them coping strategies to deal with their problems.
 "He saved my life," Mrs. Jacobson said emphatically of
her cognitive therapist.
 "At age 52, I was suddenly able to grow an ego. The
difference in the therapeutic approach was dramatic, and
the relief I felt was immediate. Instead of dwelling on the
negative, which the other therapists did, and which only
ground my ego further into the ground, the cognitive
therapist treated me like a decent, respectable human
being with valid feelings. A healthy sense of myself was
drummed into my head while I learned how to change my
thoughts and feelings."
Peer Review Cont.
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"In midlife, I finally became a free
woman, a person with self-respect," she
continued. "I could start a brand-new life
and do things Betsy wanted to do, not
just what my family wanted me to do."
Conclusion
In conclusion, there are many types of
treatment methods out to facilitate fluency.
 Of all the methods discussed, it is clear
that no matter what, there is no quick fix.
 All methods are going to take hard work
and determination to be successful.
 Likewise, the type of treatment approach
must depend on the person and their
support system.
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Paper Requirements
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Topics
– explaining a counseling theory
– application to a theoretical case study
– can discuss combined therapies
• example: counseling & biofeedback,
counseling & relaxation therapy,
counseling & pharmacology
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Table of contents
– use table of contents to organize paper
End of Lecture