Transcript Living Psychology by Karen Huffman

VISUALIZING
Prepared By: Dawn More,
Algonquin College
Chapter 15:
Social Psychology
Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation
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Lecture Overview
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•
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Our Thoughts about Others
Our Feelings about Others
Our Actions toward Others
Applying Social Psychology to Social
Problems
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O u r T h o u g h t s
a b o u t O t h e r s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain how attributions and
attitudes affect the way we
perceive and judge others.
2. Summarize the three components
of attitudes.
3. Describe cultural differences in
how people explain behaviour.
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Our Thoughts about
Others
• Social Psychology: study of how other people
influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions
– Attribution: explanation for the cause of
behaviours or events
– To determine the cause, we first decide whether
the behaviour comes from an:
• Internal (dispositional) cause, such as personal
characteristics, or
• External (situational) cause, such as situational demands
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Our Thoughts about
Others: Mistaken
Attributions
• Fundamental attribution
error: misjudging causes
of others’ behaviour and
attributing to internal
(dispositional) versus
external (situational) ones
– Saliency bias: may explain
this focus on dispositional
causes.
– Self-Serving Bias: taking
credit for our successes
and externalizing our
failures
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Our Thoughts about
Others
• Attitude: learned predisposition to respond
cognitively, affectively, and behaviourally to
a particular object
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Our Thoughts about
Others: Cognitive
Dissonance
• Cognitive Dissonance:
feeling of discomfort
created from a
discrepancy between
an attitude and a
behaviour or between
two competing
attitudes
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Our Thoughts about
Others: Cognitive
Dissonance
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Our Thoughts about
Others: Cognitive
Dissonance
• Festinger and Carlsmith’s Cognitive
Dissonance Study:
– Participants given VERY boring tasks to
complete, and then paid either $1 or $20 to tell
next participant the task was “very enjoyable”
and “fun.”
– Result: Those paid $1 experienced greater
cognitive dissonance, and, therefore changed
their attitude more than those paid $20.
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. What is the fundamental attribution error?
2. According to the _____ theory, people are
motivated to change their attitudes because of
tension created by a discrepancy between an
attitude and a behaviour or between two or
more competing attitudes.
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O u r F e e l i n g s
a b o u t O t h e r s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain the difference between
prejudice and discrimination.
2. Identify four explanations for why
prejudice develops.
3. Summarize the factors that influence
interpersonal attraction.
4. Explain how loving is different from
liking.
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Our
Feelings about Others:
Prejudice and
Discrimination
• Prejudice: learned, generally negative,
attitude toward members of a group
• Discrimination: negative behaviours
directed at members of a group
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Our
Feelings about Others:
Prejudice and
Discrimination
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Our
Feelings about Others:
Prejudice and
Discrimination
• There are three components of prejudice:
1. Cognitive
– Stereotype: set of beliefs about the
characteristics of people in a group generalized to
all group members
2. Affective: feelings associated with objects of
prejudice
3. Behavioural
– Discrimination: negative behaviours directed at
members of a group
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Our Feelings about Others:
Sources of Prejudice and
Discrimination
• Learned response
• Mental shortcut
– Ingroup favouritism: ingroup viewed more
positively than outgroup
– Outgroup homogeneity effect: outgroup judged
as less diverse than ingroup
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O u r
F e e l i n g s
a b o u t
O t h e r s :
P r e j u d i c e
a n d
D i s c r i m i n a t i o n
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Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking
• Do you believe you are free of prejudice? Would
you date and marry someone of another ethnic
group? If you are heterosexual, would you live
with a roommate who is gay or lesbian? Why or
why not?
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Our Feelings about
Others:
Interpersonal
Attraction
• Interpersonal attraction: positive feelings
toward another
– Three key factors:
• Physical attractiveness
• Proximity (geographic closeness)
• Similarity
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Our Feelings about Others:
Interpersonal Attraction
(Liking and Loving)
• Liking is a favourable evaluation of another.
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Our Feelings about
Others: Interpersonal
Attraction
• Romantic Love: erotic
attraction with future
expectations
• Companionate Love:
lasting attraction based
on trust, caring,
tolerance, and
friendship
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. Briefly explain how prejudice differs from
discrimination.
2. How does romantic love differ from
companionate love?
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O u r
A c t i o n s
T o w a r d s
O t h e r s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the factors that contribute to
conformity and obedience.
2. Explain how groups affect behaviour
and decision-making.
3. Summarize the biological and
psychosocial factors believed to be
involved in aggression.
4. Compare the egoistic model with the
empathy–altruism hypothesis.
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Our Actions toward
Others: Social Influence
• Conformity: changing
behaviour because of
real or imagined group
pressure
• Obedience: following
direct commands,
usually from an
authority figure
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Our Actions toward
Others: Conformity
• Asch’s Conformity
Study
– Participants were asked
to select the line closest
in length to X.
– When confederates gave
obviously wrong answers
(A or C), more than 1/3
conformed and agreed
with the incorrect
choices.
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Our Actions toward
Others: Conformity
• Why do we conform?
– Normative social influence: need for approval
and acceptance
– Informational social influence: need for
information and direction
– Reference groups: we conform to people we
like and admire because we want to be like
them
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Our Actions toward
Others: Obedience
• Milgram’s obedience study: Participants
serving as “teachers” are ordered to
continue shocking someone with a known
heart condition who is begging to be
released.
• Result: 65% of “teachers” delivered highest
level of shock (450 volts) to the heart
condition “learner.”
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Others: Obedience
• Milgram’s “Learner” & Shock Generator
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Our Actions toward
Others: Obedience
• Four major factors affecting obedience:
– legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure
– remoteness of the victim
– assignment of responsibility
– modeling/imitation
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Our Actions toward
Others: Obedience
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Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking
• How would you have behaved if you were a
“teacher” in Milgram’s obedience studies? Would
you have given the highest level of shocks? What
about your best friend or parents? Would their
behaviour differ from yours? Why and how?
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Our Actions toward
Others:
Group Processes
• Group membership involves:
– Roles: set of behavioural patterns connected
with particular social positions
– Deindividuation: anonymity leads to reduced
inhibition, self-consciousness, and personal
responsibility
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Group Processes: “Power
of the Situation”
• Zimbardo’s Stanford
Prison Study
– Students were randomly
assigned to play the role of
either “prisoner” or
“guard.”
– Original study was
scheduled for 2 weeks, but
it was stopped after 6 days
due to serious
psychological changes in
both “prisoners” and
“guards.”
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Group Processes:
Problems with Decision
Making
• Group Polarization:
group movement
toward either a riskier
or more conservative
decision; result
depends on the
members’ initial
dominant tendency
• Groupthink: faulty
decision making
occurring when a highly
cohesive group seeks
agreement and avoids
inconsistent
information
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Our Actions
toward
Others:
Group
Processes
• How Groupthink
occurs
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Our Actions toward
Others: Aggression
• Aggression: any behaviour intended to
harm someone
• Biological factors in aggression: instincts,
genes, brain and nervous system, hormones
and neurotransmitters, substance abuse,
and other mental disorders
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Our Actions toward
Others: Aggression
• Psychosocial Factors in
Aggression:
– Aversive stimuli
– Culture and learning
– Violent media/video
games
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Our Actions toward
Others: Aggression
• How can we control or reduce aggression?
– Introduce incompatible responses
– Improve social and communication skills
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Our Actions toward
Others: Altruism
• Altruism: actions designed to help others
with no obvious benefit to the helper
• Why do we help?
– Egoistic Model: helping motivated by
anticipated gain
– Empathy-Altruism Model: helping motivated
by empathy
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Our Actions toward
Others: Altruism
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Our Actions toward
Others: Altruism
• Why don’t we help?
– Diffusion of Responsibility: dilution, or
diffusion, of personal responsibility by
spreading it among others
– Ambiguity of the Situation: unclear what help is
needed
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. Briefly explain how groupthink differs
from group polarization.
2. What are the best ways to reduce
aggression?
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A p p l y i n g
S o c i a l
P s y c h o l o g y
t o
S o c i a l
P r o b l e m s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe four major approaches to
reducing prejudice and
discrimination.
2. Explain how social changes might
create cognitive dissonance and
eventually promote a reduction in
prejudice.
3. Summarize the principles that explain
destructive obedience to authority.
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Applying Social
Psychology to
Social Problems
• Prejudice and
discrimination
– How do we reduce
prejudice and
discrimination?
• Encourage cooperation
and superordinate goals
• Increased contact
• Cognitive retraining
• Employ cognitive
dissonance
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Applying Social
Psychology to
Social Problems:
• Destructive Obedience
– How do we reduce destructive obedience?
•
•
•
•
Adjust socialization toward obedience
Recognize power of the situation
Protect against groupthink
Avoid foot-in-the-door technique: making a small
request followed by increasingly larger requests
• Guard against relaxed moral guard
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Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?
• Psychology provides scientific research and
insight into social problems, like prejudice
and destructive obedience.
• Psychologists also produce concrete
suggestions for reducing these problems.
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Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking
• Chapter 15 is often the last chapter covered
in a general psychology course. If this is
true for you, stop and take the time to list
the top 5 to 10 concepts or terms that you
learned in this course and want to
remember for the rest of your life.
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Multimedia
Web Links
Social Psychology Network
Welcome to Social Psychology Network, one of the
largest Internet sites devoted to psychological
research and teaching.
Mirror Neurons
Why do sports fans feel so emotionally invested in
the game, reacting almost as if they were part of the
game themselves?
You Have Found the Prisoner’s Dilemma
A fiendish cyberspace wizard has locked you and
Serendip into a diabolical game with the following
rules
Locus Of Control & Attributional Style Test
Do you control your destiny or are you controlled by
it?
Project Implicit
The demonstration site for the Implicit Association
Test (IAT).
Cognitive Dissonance theory
Cognitive Dissonance theory was first developed by
Leon Festinger in 1956 after the publication of a
book When Prophecy Fails , written with co-authors
Henry W. Riecken and Stanley Schachter, to explain
how members of a UFO doomsday cult increased
their commitment to the cult when a prophesised
destruction of the Earth did not happen.
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is a theory of human
motivation that asserts that it is psychologically
uncomfortable to hold contradictory cognitions.
Festinger and Carlsmith
Cognitive consequences of forced compliance
Understanding Prejudice
Exercises and Demonstrations
Justice4Youth
Homepage
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Multimedia
Web Links
Kids Help Phone
Homepage
Virtual Attractiveness
A remarkable result of our research project is that
faces which have been rated as highly attractive do
not exist in reality.
How Love Works
If you've ever been in love, you've probably at least
considered classifying the feeling as an addiction.
The Science of Love
Poets have been struggling to describe love for
centuries.
Indecently Exposed
Profile: Jane Elliott
Stanley Milgram
The purpose of this website is to be a source of
accurate information about the life and work of one
of the most outstanding social scientists of our time,
the social psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Thirty Years Later, Stanford Prison Experiment Lives
On
Thirty years ago, a group of young men were
rounded up by Palo Alto police and dropped off at a
new jail -- in the Stanford Psychology Department.
A Simulation Study of the Psychology of
Imprisonment Conducted at Stanford University
Welcome to the Stanford Prison Experiment web
site, which features an extensive slide show and
information about this classic psychology
experiment, including parallels with the abuse of
prisoners at Abu Ghraib.
Philip G. Zimbardo
Welcome to the website of Philip G. Zimbardo,
Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Stanford
University, current core faculty at Palo Alto
University, two-time past president of the Western
Psychological Association, and the past president of
the American Psychological Association.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Multimedia
Web Links
How Groups can Intensify Decisions
People in groups often advocate riskier decisions
than individuals
Helping Preschoolers Resolve Social Conflicts
We can help even the youngest of our girls express
their feelings and solve conflicts directly so they
don't need to use indirect forms of aggression.
Understanding Boy Aggression
What did the boys play at recess today?
Media Smarts
Canada’s Centre for Digital and Media Literacy
Is it the Media?
Does violence in the media contribute to boys'
aggressive behavior or does it reflect it?
International Center for Aggression Replacement
Training
The International Center for Aggression Replacement
Training, ICART, is an organization devoted to the
practice and evaluation of Aggression Replacement
Training (ART), a cognitive-behavioral intervention
designed for aggressive children, adolescents, and
adults.
What We Can Do
There are ways we can help support our boys' active
impulses and help them work through feelings of
aggression.
Re-Establishing Altruism As A Viable Social Norm
What is Altruism?
Egoism/Altruism Test
Are you the type who will bend over backwards for
others until it hurts or do you merely look out for #1?
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Multimedia
Web Links
Research Bulletin: Reducing Prejudice with Fiction
We have discussed the relation between fiction and
empathy extensively in OnFiction, but have not really
broached the topic of what the consequences of this
empathy might be.
Jigsaw Classroom
Welcome to the official web site of the
jigsaw classroom, a cooperative learning technique
that reduces racial conflict among school children,
promotes better learning, improves student
motivation, and increases enjoyment of the learning
experience.
Jane Elliot’s Blue Eyes Brown Eyes Exercise
Jane Elliott, internationally known teacher, lecturer,
diversity trainer, and recipient of the National Mental
Health Association Award for Excellence in
Education, exposes prejudice and bigotry for what it
is, an irrational class system based upon purely
arbitrary factors.
Jigsaw Classroom
Chapter 1: What Happened at Columbine?
Resisting the Effects of Destructive Obedience
Obedience is something that everyone must exhibit
in one form or another in order to be considered a
productive member of society, however, obedience
may be taken to a form which in many ways becomes
a crime against others (Hamilton, 1978).
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Multimedia
Videos
Gender and Love (1:27)
Are men from Mars and women from Venus? As this
ScienCentral News video reports, this Valentine's
Day, brain scientists offer new evidence for that
continuing debate.
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Multimedia
Animations
Attitudes and Cognitive Dissonance
Imagine that after months of searching, you and your
spouse have found the home of your dreams – a
beautiful old house on a tree-lined street. You love
everything about the house, and you’re even more
captivated by the old-fashioned charm of the
neighbourhood. Then and there, you decide to make
an offer.
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53
Copyright
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from the use of the information contained herein.
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