Transcript The Endocrine System - AP Biology

The Endocrine System
Presentation by:
Nathon Ellis Grigsby
Introduction
Warm Up
Submitted by: Janet Weaver, Rosary
School Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Roles and Functions
• Regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual
development
• Responses to stress and injury
• Internal balance of body systems (homeostasis)
hormone 1
gland
high
raises
body condition
lowers
body condition
specific body condition
low
gland
Powerpoint 2007?
System Devised of Glands
• Exocrine Glands – secrete outside the body
through ducts and tubes (sweat, mucus,
digestive enzymes)
• Endocrine Glands – (ductless) secrete their
chemical messengers, or hormones,
directly into blood or lymph (adrenaline)
Major Glands
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas
Pineal Body
Reproductive organs
(ovaries and testes)
Powerpoint 2007?
Glands work by Secreting
Hormones
chemical messengers that act on
TARGET CELLS
Hormone Composition
Non-steroid hormones –amino acid-based
molecules – Bind to receptor protein on the cell
membrane.
Functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
growth
circadian rhythms
metabolic rate
lactation
blood calcium level
blood sugar level
www.rcsb.org/.../pdb52_1.html
Hormone Composition
Steroids –nonlocal active lipids – Bind to receptor
protein in the cytoplasm.
– Act on organs on a large scale, via blood
– Synthesized from cholesterol
Functions
• Sexual Drive
• Fight of Flight Response
www.elmhurst.edu/.../vchembook/556steroids.html
Hormone Composition
Prostaglandins –local active lipids – Bind to receptor
protein in the cytoplasm.
– Act on organ produced in, via intracellular matrix
Functions
•
•
•
•
•
Inflammation
Fever
Intense Pain
Smooth Muscle Constriction in Lungs
Birthing Contractions
http://www.medicalcomputing.net/i
mages/prostaglandins_f2beta.png
Control of Hormonal Secretions
Back to Operons and Feedback
• Negative Feedback—change in direction to
maintain a narrow window of accepted
range (like the rooms temperature gauge)
• Positive Feedback—increase in the same
direction (birthing contractions)
Control of Hormonal Secretions
Understanding Neural and Endocrine Systems
• Sensory Neuron (Impulse)
• Hypothalamus (Releasing H)
• Pituitary (Stimulating/Secrete H)
• Target Gland (Secretes H)
• Target Cell (Receives H)
Endocrine vs. Nervous
endocrine gland
neurotransmitter
axon
Steriod
(blood)
target cell
receptor proteins
Powerpoint 2007?
receptor proteins
Non-Steroid
(Intracellular Matrix)
WorK sHeET
Hormonal Regulatory Systems
pg 251
Hypothalamus
Receives Neural Impulses
Initiates Endocrine Signals
*Discussed further in brain presentation
Pituitary Gland
Location: Base of the brain on the pituitary
stalk that connects to Hypothalamus
Anatomy: Anterior Pituitary and Posterior
Pituitary
Task: Receives the chemical/neural signals
from hypothalamus and begins secretion of
stimulation hormones
*Referred to as the “Master Gland”
Pituitary
http://www.biologie.uni-freiburg.de/data/bio1/varga/images/pituitary.jpg
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• GH (Growth H)
– Childhood: stimulates growth and maintains
healthy body comp
– Adulthood: maintains muscle and bone mass
• ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin H)
– Stimulates cortisol production in adrenal cortex
• TSH (Thyroid-Stimulation H)
– Stimulates thyroxin production in thyroid
www.faqs.org
http://img.metro.co.uk/i/pix/2007/10/hornfaceWN_450x350.jpg
www.metro.co.uk
Anterior Pituitary Hormones Cont.
• LH (Luteinzing H)
– Regulates testosterone and estrogen levels
• FSH (Follicle-Stimulating H)
– Stimulates sperm production and ovulation
*LH and FSH work together to allow for normal
function of the ovaries or testes
• PRL (Prolactin)
– Stimulates mammary glands to produce mild,
further controls sex hormone levels
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
• ADH (Antidiuretic H)
– Regulates water balance and retention
• Oxytocin
– Stimulates milk letdown in nursing and
increases contraction intervals and intensities
during birthing
hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
posterior
pituitary
anterior
pituitary
antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH)
Kidney
Tubules
Adrenal
cortex
folliclestimulating
hormone (FSH)
& luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Uterine Muscle
Melanocyte
Bone And Muscle
Testis
Ovary
Mammary Glands
Powerpoint 2007?
The Pituitary and Target Cells
Animation
Negative Feedback
Blood
Osmolarity
osmoreceptors in
ADH
hypothalamus
increased
water
reabsorption
pituitary
high
nephron
adrenal
gland
increase
thirst
nephron
blood osmolarity
blood pressure
increased
water & salt
reabsorption
low
JuxtaGlomerular
Apparatus
nephron
(JGA)
renin
aldosterone
angiotensin
angiotensinogen
Positive Feedback and Oxytocin
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2b_positive_feedbac_c.jpg
Thyroid Gland
Location: The thyroid is a small gland ventral side
of the neck, in front of trachea.
Anatomy: Consists of two lateral lobes connected
by a medial tissue mass called the isthmus
(largest pure endocrine gland).
Task: Regulates growth, development, nervous
system activity, and metabolism, (storage and
release of broken down food)
Thyroid Gland
http://www.pyroenergen.com/articles08/images/thyroid-gland.jpg
Thyroid Hormones
• T4/T3 (Thyroxin/Tri-iodothyronine)
– Increase the rate that energy is released from
carbohydrates
• Calcitonin
– Lowers blood calcium level
http://sinoemedicalassociation.org/pa
thologylectures/1goiter3.jpg
Parathyroid Gland
Location: Behind/Embedded in thyroid
Anatomy: Four tiny glands
Task: Maintain calcium and phosphorous
levels and aid thyroid in control of
metabolic process rates
Parathyroid Gland
http://services.epnet.com/GetImage.aspx/getImage.aspx?ImageIID=7709
Parathyroid Gland
• PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
– PTH raises blood calcium level.
WoRK shEEt
E-Bio Worksheet
The Thyroid Gland
Endocrine System Control
Feedback
Regulation of Blood Calcium
calcitonin
 kidney
reabsorption
of Ca++
thyroid
Ca++ deposited
in bones
high
blood calcium level
 Ca++ uptake
in intestines
(10 mg/100mL)
low
activated Vitamin D
bones
release Ca++
 kidney
reabsorption
of Ca++
parathyroid
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Powerpoint 2007?
Adrenal Glands
Location: On the crown of each kidney.
Anatomy: Outer portion is the adrenal cortex
while the inner is called the adrenal medulla
*hormones of the cortex are essential for life
while types secreted by the medulla are not
Task: Immediate bodily responses to
positive/negative stress (fight or flight)
Adrenal Glands
http://www.thyroidinstitute.or
g/imagesdrenal_gland.jpg
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
• Epinephrine/Norepinephrin
– Fight or flight responses such as increased heart
rate, breathing rate, elevated blood pressure
Adrenal Cortex
• Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone)
– Helps kidneys conserve sodium and excrete
potassium (maintains blood pressure)
• Glucocortoid (cortisol)
– Helps maintain blood pressure and blood
glucose level
• Adrenal Sex Hormones
– Androgens (male) and estrogens (female)
– Identical to hormones produced in testes and
overies.
Adrenaline Movie
Pancreas
Location: The pancreas is a large gland
behind your stomach.
Anatomy: 98% exocrine tissue, 2% endocrine
tissue. Consists of cluster of endocrine cells
known as Islets of Langerhans.
Task: Helps to maintain healthy glucose
levels
Pancreas
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/present
ations/100129_1.htm
Pancreatic Hormones
• Glucagon
– Stimulates liver to break down glycogen
– Raises blood sugar concentration
• Insulin
– Increases uptake of glucose by cells
– Lowers blood sugar concentration
wOrK SHeEt
Control of Blood Glucose
Pg 255
Endocrine System Control
Feedback
Regulation of Blood
Sugar
islets of Langerhans
insulin
beta islet cells
liver stores
glycogen
body
cells take
up sugar
from blood
pancreas
liver
high
blood sugar level
(90mg/100ml)
low
triggers
hunger
liver
releases
glucose
liver
pancreas
glucagon
islets of Langerhans
alpha islet cells
reduces
appetite
Pancreatic Deficiencies
Diabetes Mellitus—results from insulin deficiency
where blood sugar becomes elevated
(hypoglycemia) and excess is excreted in urine.
• Type 1—juvenile onset (insulin dependent) is often caused
by inherited immune disorder that causes the immune
system to attack the clusters of endocrine cells
– Treatment: daily injections
• Type 2—mature onset is often caused by overweight
individuals
– Treatment: diet and exercise
Other Endocrine Glands
Pineal Gland
Thymus Gland
Reproductive Glands
Pineal Gland
Location: between the cerebral hemispheres
Hormones:
• Melatonin—maintains Circadian rhythms
(24hr light and dark activity)
http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr
_01_img0052.jpg
Thymus Gland
Location: deep in the thorax (large in young
and gradually shrinks with age)
Hormone:
• Thymosin—important to immune fuction
Reproductive Glands
Hormones:
• Androgen—Promotes sperm production and
development/maintenance of secondary
characteristics
• Estrogen—Stimulates uterine lining growth and
development/maintenance of secondary
characteristics
• Progesterone—Promotes uterine lining growth
*Hormones are identacle to those produced in the
adrenal cortex
CoLoRiNG!
Do Ch9-10 The Endocrine System
coloring activity—note the overview
has good info for studying purposes