Transcript endocrine-ap - Milan Area Schools

• Hypothalamus regulates the internal
environment.
– Body temp, heart rate, water balance.
– Serves as link between nervous and
endocrine systems.
– Stimulates Pituitary gland:
• Master Gland
Fig. 10.2
• ADH: Anti-diuretic hormone
– Acts in kidneys.
– Causes water retention to dilute blood.
– Negative feedback
• Oxytocin:
– Uterine contraction and milk production.
– Positive feedback
• TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone
– Stimulates thyroid to produce it’s hormones.
• ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone
– Stimulates adrenal cortex
• Gonadotropic hormones:
– Stimulate gonads
• Make gametes and sex hormones
• Prolactin
– Milk production as well as fat and
carbohydrate metabolism.
• Growth hormone:
– Stimulates protein production in tissues.
– Leads to growth.
– Amount affects height of individual.
– Abnormalities can lead to disease.
• Thyroid
– T3 and T4 hormones-both
contain iodine.
– Deficiency in Iodine =
Goiter.
• Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate.
• Diseases:
– Cretinism
– Myxedema
– Graves disease
• Calcitonin is involved in regulation of blood
calcium levels.
– Stimulates Ca uptake and storage in bones.
• Parathyroid:
– Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Increases blood Ca levels and decreases
the level of blood phosphate.
• Pg 192 regulation of Ca levels.
Fig. 10.7
• Adrenal Glands:
– Sit on top of kidneys.
– React to stress.
– Two Parts:
• Cortex (outside part): Under ACTH
control.
• Medulla (inside part): Under direct nervous
control.
Adrenal Medulla:
– Make Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
– Short term response to stress.
– Fight or flight.
• Increase heart rate
• Blood sugar increases
• Muscle strength and endurance increases.
Adrenal Cortex:
– Make mineralocorticoids and
glucocorticoids.
– Also makes a small amount of male and
female sex hormones.
– Long term response to stress.
Adrenal Cortex:
• Glucocorticoids
– Regulate metabolism of fats, protein and
carbohydrates.
– Cortisol: raises blood sugar levels.
• Stimulates breakdown of proteins to make
sugar.
• Promotes breakdown of fats rather than
sugars.
• Counteracts the inflammatory response.
Adrenal Cortex:
• Mineralocorticoids:
– Regulate salt and water balance.
– Aldosterone
• Targets kidney cells.
• Uptake of Na, and excretion of K.
Fig. 10.8
Fig. 10.9
• Addisons Disease:
• Hyposecretion (low)
• Low blood pressure.
• Dehydration.
• Bronzing
– Cushing Syndrome:
• Hypersecretion
• High Blood pressure.
• Metabolism disorders.
• Pancreas
– Pancreatic islet cells
• Insulin and glucagon
• Antagonistic hormones = Balance
–Insulin: stimulates uptake of glucose.
–Glucagon: stimulates glucose release.
Fig. 10.12
• Diabetes Mellitus
– Two types.
• Insulin dependent (IDDM)
• Non-insulin dependent (NIDDM)
• Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones:
– Gonads (Testes and Ovaries)
• Testosterone (androgen)
–Hair growth, voice changes, muscle
buildup, etc.
• Estrogen and progesterone.
–Hair growth, fat buildup, body
development, and mensus cycles.
• Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones:
– Thymus: hormones involved in immune
system function.
– Pineal Gland: Melatonin and sleep cycles.
– Leptin: Made by adipose tissue and regulates
eating.
– Growth factors:
– Prostaglandins:
• Chemical signals and hormones work at
different distances.
– Autocrine: act on the same cell.
– Paracrine: act on nearby cells.
– Endocrine: travel some distance to target
cells.
– Pheromones: Chemical signals between
individuals. Can regulate behavior and
cycles.
• Perfumes and colognes.
• Endocrine System and Homeostatsis:
– Regulation of digestion.
– Regulate fuel metabolism.
– Regulate blood pressure and volume.
– Regulate ion balance in blood.
– Regulate response to external enviroment.
Fig. 10.14
Fig. 10.15