Transcript Chapter 11
Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 11 Endocrine System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Multimedia Directory Slide 13 Slide 48 Slide 63 Endocrine System Animation Endocrine System Exercise Diabetes Video Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System at a Glance Endocrine glands secrete hormones Hormones regulate body activities Metabolic rate Water and mineral balance Immune system reactions Sexual functioning Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System at a Glance Organs of the Endocrine System Adrenal glands Ovaries Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Parathyroid glands Pineal gland Pituitary gland Testes Thymus gland Thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Combining Forms acr/o adren/o adrenal/o andr/o calc/o crin/o estr/o extremities adrenal glands adrenal glands male calcium secrete female Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Combining Forms glyc/o glycos/o gonad/o home/o kal/i natr/o ophthalm/o sugar sugar sex glands sameness potassium sodium eye Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Combining Forms pancreat/o parathyroid/o pineal/o pituitar/o thym/o thyr/o thyroid/o toxic/o pancreas parathyroid gland pineal gland pituitary gland thymus thyroid gland thyroid gland poison Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Suffixes –crine –dipsia –prandial –tropin to secrete thirst relating to a meal stimulate Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Collection of glands Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream Chemicals that act on target organs Increase or decrease target’s activity level Instrumental in maintaining homeostasis Maintain stable internal environment Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Types of Glands Two types of glands in body Exocrine glands Exocrine glands and endocrine glands Release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body Example: sweat glands Endocrine glands Release hormones directly into bloodstream Have no ducts, referred to as ductless glands Example: thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Glands of the Endocrine System Adrenal glands – two Parathyroid glands – four Pancreas Pineal gland Pituitary gland Ovaries – two in females Testes – two in males Thymus gland Thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Animation Click here to view an animation of the endocrine system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adrenal Glands Two glands, one located above each kidney Each gland is composed of two sections: Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.1 – The adrenal glands. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adrenal Cortex Hormones are referred to as corticosteroids Secreted by adrenal cortex Steroid hormones Three different families of corticosteroids Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Steroid sex hormones Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoid Glucocorticoid Example: aldosterone Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels Example: cortisol Regulates carbohydrates Steroid sex hormones Androgens, estrogen, and progesterone Regulate secondary sexual characteristics Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adrenal Medulla Inner portion Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine Epinephrine is also called adrenaline Critical during emergency situations Increases blood pressure Increases heart rate Increases respiration rate Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Ovaries Two ovaries located in pelvic cavity of females Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone Estrogen is responsible for: Female sexual characteristics Regulation of menstrual cycle Progesterone Maintains suitable uterine environment for pregnancy Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.2 – The ovaries. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pancreas Located along lower curvature of stomach Only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pancreas Exocrine portion Releases digestive enzymes through duct into duodenum Endocrine sections of the pancreas Islets of Langerhans Produce insulin and glucagon Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pancreas Insulin Produced by beta cells Stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream Lowers blood sugar level Occurs after eating a meal and absorbing carbohydrates Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pancreas Glucagon Produced by alpha cells Stimulates liver to release stored glucose into bloodstream Raises blood sugar levels Occurs when body needs more glucose Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.3 – The pancreas. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Parathyroid Glands Four tiny glands Located on dorsal surface of thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Parathyroid Glands Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream If calcium levels in blood fall too low: Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood increase Stimulate bone breakdown Releasing more calcium into bloodstream Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.4 – The parathyroid glands. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pineal Gland Small pine coneshaped gland Part of thalamus region of brain Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pineal Gland Secretes melatonin Not well understood, but plays a role in regulating body’s circadian rhythm 24-hour clock that governs periods of wakefulness and sleepiness Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.5 – The pineal gland is a part of the thalamus region of the brain. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pituitary Gland Small marbleshaped gland Located underneath brain Divided into anterior and posterior lobes Regulated by hypothalamus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.6 – The pituitary gland lies just underneath the brain. It is subdivided into anterior and posterior lobes. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anterior Pituitary Referred to as “master gland” Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands Regulates function of thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) Regulates function of adrenal cortex Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropins FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Responsible for development of ova and sperm Also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen LH Stimulates secretion of sex hormones Plays a role in releasing ova in females Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Also called somatotropin Stimulates cells to grow and divide Stimulates milk production in breast Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.7 – The different hormones and target tissues for the anterior pituitary. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Also called vasopressin Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules Oxytocin Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery After birth stimulates release of milk from breast Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Testes Two oval glands located in scrotum Secrete male sex hormone, testosterone Testosterone Produces male secondary sexual characteristics Regulates sperm production Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.8 – The testes. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Thymus Gland Located in mediastinum Part of immune system Also endocrine gland Secretes thymosin Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Thymus Gland Thymosin Essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells Critical part of body’s immune system Present at birth and grows to largest size during puberty At puberty begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.9 – The thymus gland. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland Located on either side of trachea Resembles a butterfly in shape Divided into right and left lobes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormones Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Needs iodine to make hormones These hormones: Regulate energy production Adjust metabolic rate Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland Also secretes calcitonin If calcium levels in blood rise too high: Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream Calcitonin levels in blood increase Increases deposition of calcium into bone Lowers levels of calcium in bloodstream Its action is opposite of parathyroid hormone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.10 – The thyroid gland is divided into a left and right lobe. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Exercise Click here to review the endocrine system glands in a labeling activity. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with adren/o & adrenal/o –al adrenal pertaining to adrenal gland –megaly adrenomegaly enlarged adrenal gland –pathy adrenopathy adrenal gland disease –ectomy adrenalectomy removal of adrenal gland –itis adrenalitis inflammation of adrenal gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with calc/o & crin/o hyper– –emia hypercalcemia excessive calcium in blood hypo– –emia hypocalcemia low calcium in blood specialist in endocrine endo– –ologist endocrinologist system endocrine system endo– –pathy endocrinopathy disease Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with glyc/o, kal/i, & natr/o hyper– –emia hyperglycemia excessive sugar in blood hypo– –emia hypoglycemia low sugar in blood hyper– –emia hyperkalemia excessive potassium in blood hypo– –emia low sodium in blood hyponatremia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with parathyroid/o & pancreat/o –al parathyroidal pertaining to parathyroid –ectomy parathyroidectomy removal of parathyroid hyper– –ism hyperparathyroidism state of excessive parathyroid hypo– –ism hypoparathyroidism state of insufficient parathyroid –ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with pituitar/o & thym/o –ary pituitary pertaining to pituitary hypo– –ism hypopituitarism state of low pituitary state of excessive hyper– –ism hyperpituitarism pituitary –ic thymic pertaining to thymus –ectomy thymectomy removal of thymus –itis thymitis inflammation of thymus –oma thymoma thymus tumor Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with thyr/o & thyroid/o –megaly thyromegaly enlarged thyroid –al thyroidal pertaining to thyroid –ectomy thyroidectomy removal of thyroid hyper– –ism state of excessive hyperthyroidism thyroid hypo– –ism hypothyroidism Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht state of low thyroid Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Vocabulary acidosis excessive acidity of body fluids edema excessive fluid in body tissues diagnosis and treatment of conditions of endocrinology endocrine glands exophthalmos protruding eyeballs gynecomastia development of breast tissue in males hirsutism excessive amount of hair Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.11 – A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos. This condition is associated with hypersecretion of the thyroid gland. (Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Vocabulary hypersecretion hyposecretion excessive hormone production by endocrine gland insufficient hormone production by endocrine gland obesity having abnormal amount of fat syndrome group of symptoms and signs that combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adrenal Gland Pathology Addison’s disease adrenal feminization adrenal virilism hyposecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include generalized weakness and weight loss hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal cortex in males; develops female secondary sexual characteristics like gynecomastia hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal cortex in females; develops male secondary sexual characteristics Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Adrenal Gland Pathology hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include weakness, Cushing’s syndrome edema, excess hair growth, and osteoporosis hypersecretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla tumor; usually pheochromocytoma benign; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and headache Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.12 – Cushing’s syndrome. (Biophoto Associates/ Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pancreas Pathology diabetes mellitus (DM) Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism Results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria Two very distinct types: - insulin-dependent - non-insulin-dependent Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Also called Type 1 Develops early in life Destruction of islet cells Person makes too little insulin Must take insulin injections Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Also called Type 2 Develops later in life Person makes enough insulin, but it has lost ability to regulate cells Do not take insulin Treated by diet, exercise, and oral medications Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diabetes Video Click here to view a video on diabetes. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pancreas Pathology diabetic retinopathy ketoacidosis peripheral neuropathy insulinoma accumulation of damage to retina; complication of diabetes mellitus acidosis due to excess of acidic ketone bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus damage to nerves in lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus islet of Langerhans tumor; secretes excessive amount of insulin Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Parathyroid Gland Pathology tetany Recklinghausen disease nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to hypocalcemia; may be caused by hypoparathyroidism hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone; causes degeneration of bones Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pituitary Gland Pathology acromegaly diabetes insipidus (DI) dwarfism chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of head and extremities hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia hyposecretion of growth hormone in children; causes short stature Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.13 – Acromegaly. The hand on the right is from a normal person, the hand on the left is a person with acromegaly. (Bart's Medical Library/Phototake NYC) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Sue Suzanne Frucht S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pituitary Gland Pathology gigantism panhypopituitarism hypersecretion of growth hormone in child; results in very tall adult hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; results in problems with the glands controlled by pituitary gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland Pathology cretinism congenital hyposecretion of thyroid; results in poor physical and mental development goiter enlarged thyroid gland Graves’ disease hypersecretion of thyroid; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 11.14 – Goiter. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland Pathology Hashimoto’s disease myxedema thyrotoxicosis autoimmune destruction of thyroid; results in hyposecretion disorder hyposecretion disorder in adult; symptoms include anemia, edema, and mental lethargy marked hypersecretion; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine Gland Pathology adenocarcinoma cancerous tumor in gland that produces hormones secreted by that gland; results in hypersecretion pathologies Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests measures level of substances, such blood serum test as calcium, glucose, or hormones, in blood measures calcium in blood; used to total calcium diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders radioimmunoassay measures levels of hormones in (RIA) blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests fasting blood sugar (FSB) glucose tolerance test (GTT) measures glucose in bloodstream after 12-hour fast measures blood sugar level over several hours after person drinks large dose of glucose two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test measures blood glucose level two hours after a meal Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests protein bound iodine test (PBI) thyroid function test (TFT) measures T4 blood level; iodine in the hormone becomes bound to blood proteins measures levels of T3, T4, and TSH in blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging thyroid echogram ultrasound image of thyroid gland thyroid scan nuclear medicine image based on accumulation of radioactive iodine in thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Treatments chemical thyroidectomy large dose of radioactive iodine is given to kill a portion of the thyroid gland; avoids surgery hormone replacement therapy administering replacement hormones; treats hyposecretion disorders Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Surgical Treatments laparoscopic adrenalectomy removal of adrenal gland through small abdominal laparoscopic incision lobectomy removal of a lobe of thyroid gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Pharmacology antithyroid agents blocks production of thyroid hormones replaces adrenal cortex corticosteroids hormones human growth replaces growth hormone hormone therapy Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Tapazole Deltasone Genotropin, Protropin Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Pharmacology insulin treats type 1 diabetes mellitus Humulin L oral hypoglycemic agents decreases blood sugar in type 2 diabetics Glucophage, Glucotrol thyroid replacement hormone replaces thyroid hormones Levo-T, Cytomel vasopressin treats diabetes insipidus Desmopressin, Vaprisol Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Abbreviations a alpha ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone ADH antidiuretic hormone b beta BMR basal metabolic rate DI diabetes insipidus DM diabetes mellitus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Abbreviations FBS fasting blood sugar FSH follicle-stimulating hormone GH growth hormone GTT glucose tolerance test IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus K+ potassium LH luteinizing hormone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Abbreviations MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone Na+ sodium NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin) PBI protein-bound iodine PRL prolactin PTH parathyroid hormone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrine System Abbreviations RAI radioactive iodine RIA radioimmunoassay T3 triiodothyronine T4 thyroxine TFT thyroid function test TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.