Transcript Ch.1_Day_1_Botany

An Introduction to the
Science of Botany
Chapter 1
Bell Ringer
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Since humans survived on home grown
plants for thousands of years, might it be
desirable to return to that practice?
(answer this in a compare/contrast paragraph)
When finished, start reading Chapter 1 in your
Botany textbook. On a sheet of paper, define
botany. Search and list the subdisciplines of
botany…you will need this for our lecture.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
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Briefly describe the field of botany, and
give short definitions of at least five
subdisciplines of plant biology
Human Population
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In 2006 the population of the world
exceeded 6.5 billion individuals –
approximately 82 million more humans
than Earth supported in 2005.
Forecast to increase to 8.9 billion by the
year 2050
Overgrazing in Africa
Highly Developed Countries vs
Less Developed Countries
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HDC – include US, Canada, Japan, and
European countries – have low rate of
population increase
LDC – include Bangledash, Nigeria,
Ethiopia, have high rates of population
growth
Middle – include Mexico, Turkey, Thailand,
and most South American countries
Which use more natural
resources?
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Highly developed countries.
Why? And how?
Problem with LDC is the rapid increase in
people is overwhelming and depletes
countries soils, forests, and other natural
resources.
Decline of Biological Diversity
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Some well educated do not recognize the
seriousness of decline
Sustainable environment – one that
allows humans (as well as other
organisms) to survive without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs
What do plants do for us?
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Plants provide: oils, lubricants, perfumes,
fragrances, dyes, paper, lumber, waxes,
rubber and other elastic latexes, resins,
poisons, cork, fibers, and medicines
330,000 different species of plants and
vast majority have never been evaluated
to determine potential usefulness
Group Poster Project
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In your group, define botany and it’s
subdisciplines (plant molecular biology,
plant cell biology, plant physiology, plant
genetics, and plant ecology) based on the
definition in the text.
Then, in your own words tell me what it
means to you.
Provide examples when needed.
KEY TERMS
BOTANY The scientific study of plants; also
called plant biology
•Encompasses the origin, diversity,
structure, and internal processes of plants
as well as their relationships with other
organisms and with the nonliving physical
environment
Subdiscipline 1
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Plant molecular biology
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Structures and functions of important
biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids)
Plant biochemistry – study of chemical
interactions within plants, including chemicals
produced
Subdiscipline 2
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Plant cell biology
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Structures, functions, and life processes of
plant cells
Plant anatomy – microscopic plant
structure (cells and tissue)
Plant morphology – the structures of
plants parts such as leaves, roots, and
stems, including their evolution and
development
Subdiscipline 3
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Plant physiology
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How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral
nutrition)
Subdiscipline 4
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Plant genetics
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Plant heredity and variation
Subdiscipline 5
•Plant
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ecology
Interrelationships among plants, and between
plants ands their environment
Plant systematics – the evolutionary
relationship among different plant groups
Plant taxonomy – sub discipline of
systematics, deals with description, naming,
and classification of plants
Other Plant Studies
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Paleobotany – study of biology and evolution of
plants in the geologic past
Bryology – study of mosses and similar plants
Agronomy – field crops and soils
Horticulture – ornamental plants and fruit and
vegetable crops
Forestry – forest conservation and forest
products such as lumber
Economic botany – plants with commercial
importance
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
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Summarize and discuss the features of
plants and other organisms that
distinguish them from nonliving things
Levels of Biological Organization
Characteristics of Living Things
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1. Organization
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Plants and other organisms are highly
organized with cells as their basic building
blocks (cells are smallest unit that can
perform all activities associated with life)
Atom – smallest particle of an element that
possesses the properties of that element
Molecules – atoms combined chemically by
forming bonds
Molecules may be organized into
macromolecules
Characteristics of Living Things
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Macromolecules associate with one
another to form compartments called
organelles within the cells.
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Organelles associate to form the cell
Cells organized into tissues , examples of
plant tissue include the epidermis,
protective tissue
Tissues are organized into organsfunctional units that perform specific roles
– ex. Roots and leaves
Characteristics of Living Things
Organs working together functioning with great
precision make up a multicellular plant. Plants
are organisms – distinct, living entities.
• Organisms are arranged into populations –
groups or members of the same species that live
together in the same area at same time
• Community – consists of all populations of
different organisms that live and interact within
an area
• Ecosystem – includes all living and nonliving
things, communities make up ecosystems.
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Atoms
Hydrogen
Biosphere
Oxygen
Molecule
Ecosystem
Water
Community
Chloroplast
Macromolecule
Population
Organelle
Cell
Epidermis
Organism
Tissue
Organ
Fig. 1-3, p. 9
Plant Cells
Characteristics of Living Things 1
2. Energy
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Plants and other organisms take in and use
energy
Energy is required for activities – growth,
repair, reproduction, and maintenance
KEY TERMS
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Biological process that includes capture of
light energy and its transformation into
chemical energy of organic molecules that are
manufactured from carbon dioxide and water
Energy can be transferred from one organism
to another. How?
Photosynthesis
Key Terms
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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Cellular process in which energy of organic
molecules is released for biological work
Characteristics of Living Things 2
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3. Interaction with environment
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Plants respond to stimuli in their environment
Stimuli includes changes in the direction,
color, or luminosity of light; in temperature or
in the orientation toward gravity; and in the
chemical compostion of the surrounding soil,
air , or water
Roots are example
Venus fly trap
Root Growth and Gravity
Response to Stimuli
Venus flytrap
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These plants and similar plants usually live
in soil that is deficient in nitrogen; they
capture and eat insects to obtain part of
the nitrogen they require
Germination
Growth vs Development
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Plants undergo growth and development
Growth – an increase in the size and mass
of an organism – in plants, growth results
from both an increase in number of cells
and increase in the size of cells
Development – growth is part of
development – includes all changes in a
plant or other organism from the start of its
life through its immature stage, through its
mature stage, to its death
Reproduction
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4. Reproduction
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Plants form new individuals by asexual or
sexual reproduction
Asexual does not involve the union of
gametes (reproductive cells)
Sexual involves the union of gametes that
may or may not come from two separate
individuals
Asexual Reproduction
Characteristics of Living Things 3
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Characteristics of an organism are
encoded in its genes
5. Heredity
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DNA molecules transmit genetic information
from one generation to the next in plants and
other organisms
KEY TERMS
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
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A nucleic acid present in a cell’s
chromosomes that contains genetic
information
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Evolution
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Plants and other organisms evolve
Populations change or adapt to survive in
changing environments
Evolution vs Adaptations
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Evolution-process by which organisms adapt to their
environment over time, is the genetic change in a
population of organisms from generation to
generation
Adaptation-characteristics that enable an organism to
better survive certain environment
Adaptation
KEY TERMS
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EVOLUTION
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Cumulative genetic changes in a population of
organisms from generation to generation
NATURAL SELECTION
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Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin)
Tendency of organisms that have favorable
adaptations to their environment to survive
and become parents of next generation