Transcript Keystone Packets - Belle Vernon Area School District

KEYSTONE PACKETS
PROPERTIES OF WATER LESSON 1
1.
D
2.
A
3.
A
4.
C
5 . COHESION AND ADHESION
A.
Cohesion is the ability of water to stick
to each other. This allows water to stay
liquid. Adhesion is the ability to stick to
other surfaces. So when water enters the
plant’s xylem it can flow freely because of
cohesion and stick to the tissue in the
xylem because of adhesion which allows
it to go against gravity which is capillary
action
5 . COHESION AND ADHESION
B.
Bubbles form when the amount
of water in the soil is less than the
amount of water evaporating from
the plant. This bubble can stop the
flow of water to that area of xylem
and cause it to die.
LESSON 2 LIPIDS/CARBS
• P34-- B
• P 36--B
• 1. A
• 2. D
• 3. C
• 4. D
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A FAT
•A. Elements made up of
•Carbon, Hydrogen and a little Oxygen
•Considered a Hydrocarbon
•Building blocks/Monomers are 3 fatty acids
bonded to a glycerol or a TRIGLYCERIDE
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A FAT
• B. Lipid
• Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen
• Very little Oxygen
• More Carbon
• Monomers:
• Fattyacid/glycerol/
• Triglyceride
Carb
Carbon, Hydrogen
Oxygen
1C:2H:1O ratio
monomers:
Glucose/
monosaccharide
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A FAT
•C. Both Carbs and Lipids are used as energy in the
cell…Lipids long term and Carbs short term. Both
also act as protection for cells and give structure
to the cell membrane.
LESSON 4 ENZYMES
P48----D
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. D
5. PEPSIN/TRYPSIN
A. The pH of the stomach is lower or more
acidic that that of the small intestine
B. Because of the change of pH, the pepsin
will either not work or work improperly.
C. Having 2 enzymes helps speed up
digestion and helps use less energy for the
process.
HOMEOSTASIS
P90----B
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. MEAL CONSUMPTION
A. The meal will increase the amount of glucose in the
blood because through anabolism/hydrolysis, polymers
are broken down into monomers and glucose is a
monomer.
B. The pancreas will release insulin. The insulin allows liver
cells to be more permeable to glucose. The liver then
converts the glucose into glycogen decreasing the
amount of glucose in the blood.
C. Because the cells of a person with diabetes becomes less
sensitive to insulin, their cell membranes wont be as
permeable to the glucose. The liver wont be able to convert
as much glucose to glycogen leaving higher levels of glucose
in the blood.
DNA AND PROTEINS
P44—A
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. PROTEINS VS NUCLEIC ACIDS
A. Protein
made of C,H,O,N
monomers:amino acids
Shape: fibrous or globular
Nucleic Acid
made of C,H,O,N,P
monomers:Nucleotides
Shape: twisted and double
stranded
Double Helix
5. PROTEINS VS NUCLEIC ACIDS
B. Each monomer has a certain nitrogen base attached. The
order of those bases vary and are unique to the cell giving
each a unique genetic code.
C. The amino acids bond and create a polypeptide.
Polypeptide chains must fold or bend to form threedimension shapes to allow the proteins to perform their
different functions.
MEMBRANE OF THE CELL
P69—B
P70 B
1. C
2. D
3. C
Molecules
Is the plasma membrane permeable to this molecule?
Cl- Chlorine Ion
The chlorine ION is charged and will not pass through the
nonpolar lipid bilayer on its own
O2
Oxygen can easily pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer
because it is not charged and will dissolve through the
bilayer.
Starch
Starch does not pass through the lipid bilayer easily
because it is a large and can’t pass through on its own and
it is polar (charged) so it will not dissolve through the
nonpolar lipid bilayer
MEMBRANE OF THE CELL
A. The protein will be synthesized in the
ribosomes either free floating in the cytoplasm or
attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
because ribosomes are the organelles that make
proteins.
MEMBRANE OF THE CELL
B. If the hormone is fat based it would be synthesized
in the smooth Endoplasmic reticulum because it is the
organelle that makes lipids.
If the hormone is protein based than it will be
synthesized in the ribosomes that are either free
floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum because ribosomes make
proteins
MEMBRANE OF THE CELL
C. The cell receptor proteins would be made in the
ribosomes, either free floating in the cytoplasm or
attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. The
proteins would then be shipped to the Golgi Apparatus
where it is specialized, packaged and shipped where it
needs to go.
Organization of Multicellular Organisms
P21---C
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. Contractive Vacoule
A. The contractile vacuole will take
nutrients out of the water and store
them for the protest to use for
energy. Then the vacuole contracts
and expels the water so it doesn’t
get too big.
4. Contractive Vacoule
B. An example of an organ that
animals use that would work the
same way are gills in fish. Gills bring
water with nutrients into the fish.
The gill filaments will filter out the
nutrients and then force the water
4. Contractive Vacoule
C. An example of structure in plants
would be their stomata. Stomata open to
allow water into the plant and close to
keep water in the plant so the plant can
either store it or its nutrients and then
when they open again, water can be
released.
5. Arteries and Veins
A. The artery is lined with an elastic membrane
because the heart will FORCEFULLY push blood
into it and this tissue stops it from bursting and
allowing them to maintain shape.
Also they have a thick layer of smooth muscle.
Smooth muscles are controlled voluntarily meaning
you do not have to think about working them. This
is good because it allows blood to flow through
your body and you do not have to control it.
5. Arteries and Veins
B. The veins have a valve to help control the
amount of blood going into the heart and
eventually to the lungs.
They also have a layer of smooth muscle. Smooth
muscles are controlled voluntarily meaning you do
not have to think about working them. This is good
because it allows blood to flow through your body
and you do not have to control it.
5. Arteries and Veins
C. Capillaries are very thin and tiny. This allows
them to get into the tissue and supply it with
nutrients.
Unifying Characteristics of Life
Lesson 1
Page 2---A
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. Referring to the Figure
A. Cell wall- gives extra protection to plant
cell
Also gives it rigid-squared off shape
B. Vacoule- store nutrients and water for plant
cell to photosynthesis
Also store waste.
C. The cell wall will allow the water into
the cell and then the vacuole will take it
in and fill up the plant cell. Because the
vacuole takes up most of the plants
interior, when it fills up it gives the cell
a more plumped up look.
Because water moves to the right shown in 2nd tube…
according to osmosis water moves from area of lower conc. of
SOLUTES (left) to higher SOLUTES (right)
Also diffusion causes solutes to move when water moves and
solutes move opposite of water..from HIGH solutes to low
SOLUTES
Photosynthesis
• P62-----C
• P65
•
•
•
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. B
5A ATP original source
• The sun is the original source of energy and it energizes
electrons in the photosystems during the light reactions.
The sun causes the electrons to become high energy
electrons. These high energy electrons go into the
Electron Transport Chain where they release their
energy from the sun to help ADP make ATP
5B
• The original source of energy is light energy and can’t be
used by the plant, but when it is stored in the ATP
molecule, it can be used by the plant.
5C
• The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates on the
ATP molecule holds the most energy. When that bond is
broken and the ATP molecule becomes an ADP
molecule—energy is released. When the bond between
ADP and a phosphate is created, the molecule becomes
ATP and energy is absorbed in the bond.
ATP and Cellular Respiration
• P57--• P58
•
•
•
•
•
B
B
1. A---between phosphate 2 and 3
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6 Marathon
A. The glucose stored in the pasta and potato will be
broken down during Glycolysis into 2ATP (energy).
Pyruvate made during glycolysis will be sent to the Krebs
Cycle to be broken down into 2 more ATP. But the
majority of ATP will come from the high energy electrons
that came out of the glucose and sent to the ETC. This
ATP will be used in the cell as energy.
6 Marathon
B. As you start to run, your body starts to break down
ATP into ADP. This breaking of the bond between the 2nd
and 3rd phosphate will release energy. The breaking down
of Glucose (during Glycolysis/Cell Respiration) also
releases energy and all this release of energy causes the
body to feel warmer.
6 Marathon
C. Since O2 is the last electron acceptor at the end of the
ETC. You should make sure you keep breathing and
drinking water to replenish the O2 in your body. The O2
will continue to move the electrons out of the ETC and
provide a clear pathway for the next one in line. This will
allow the flow of H+ protons to continue through the ATP
synthase…making ATP
The Cell Cycle, DNA Replication and
Mitosis
•P115---B
•P117--A
•p120
•1. D
•2. A
•3. A
4.. ACTGCAATTCAAAGT
A.
TGACGTTAAGTTTCA
A with T
T with A
C with G
G with C
B. Because DNA replicates in a
semiconservative way, only the new strands
are radioactive. This is because the new
bases/nucleotides that line up with the original
strand are radioactive. The original strand is
not.
Green Strands are radioactive
Blue Strands are not
C. Both resulting daughter cells would be
radioactive because both the original
chromosome and sister chromatid are half
radioactive after replication…The original
goes to one cell and the sister goes to the
other cell.--GO to DIAGRAM on Next slide
Genes and Protein Synthesis
P 107--- GACGGTATCG
CTGCCATAGC
P109—Codons Leucine Codon is CUA
Serine Codon is UCU
Leucine Codon is CUA
Valine Codon is GUU
So DNA is GATAGAGATCAA
P111----B. Smooth ER deals with Lipids..not Proteins
Genes and Protein Synthesis
1. A chromosome has many codons and codons
form amino acids…a strand of amino acids is a
protein
C. Chromosome:protein
2. Cysteine—UGU
Tyrosine---UAC
Lysine---AAA
Cysteine—UGC
Asparagine—AAC
A. ACAATGTTTACGTTG
Genes and Protein Synthesis
3. Lysine Codon is AAG so the anticodon would be
D. UUC
4. Without Ribosomes we would not be able to
assemble a protein…
C. The amino acids could not be joined to form a
protein
5. Look at map on p 111
B. Rough ER---vesicle—Golgi Apparatus--vesicle
Genes and Protein Synthesis
6. A Describe 2 similarities
Transcription and Translation both involve the mRNA
strand—Transcription makes mRNA and translation
decodes it.
Both are processes that lead to Protein Synthesis.
Transcription gives mRNA the code from DNA and
then Translation decodes the information into a
protein
Genes and Protein Synthesis
6. B. Transcription uses DNA directly and occurs in
the NUCLEUS.
Translation does not use DNA directly and occurs in
the RIBOSOMES
C. Proteins produced in the cell are produced in
ribosomes that are in the cytoplasm.
Proteins produced for out of the cell are produced in
ribosomes on the ROUGH ER.