Transcript Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota
Presented By:
Jack Blaisdell
Classification
• Kingdom: Fungi
– Subkingdom: Dikarya
• Phylum: Basidiomycota
• Under the Phylum Basidiomycota, there are 3
classes
– Basidiomycetes- Mushroom and mushroom like
organisms
– Uredinomycetes- Rusts (Plant Parasites)
– Ustomycetes- Bunts (Plant Parasites)
Basidiomycota
• Contains about 30,000
described species
– About 27% of Fungi
• Most familiar
Basidiomycota are
Mushrooms
• Basidiomycota also
includes many other
organisms including…
Basidiomycota
• …stinkhorns,
polypores, jelly
fungi, boletus,
chanterelles, earth
stars, smuts, and
rusts
Basidiomycota In General
• Difficult to describe
• It is hard to identify characteristics that are both
unique and constant to the entire group
• Basidiomycota can be both unicellular and
multicellular
• They can reproduce either sexually or asexually
• They are terrestrial and aquatic
• The main characteristic used to identify
Basidiomycota is the presence of Basidia, which are
spore producing structures unique to Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota In General
• Most Basidiomycota
obtain nutrients by
decaying dead organic
matter
– Like wood and leaf litter
• Decomposers
• Some Basidiomycota are
Biotrophs meaning they
gain their nutrients from
living cells
– Rusts for example are
Biotrophs
– Form of Parasitism
Biotrophs
Spores
• Spore: a reproductive structure that is adapted for
dispersal and surviving for extended periods of
time in unfavorable conditions
• Spores are part of the life cycle in bacteria, plants,
algae, fungi, and some protozoa's
• Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are
produced by meiosis in the Basidia
• Once conditions are favorable, the spore can
develop into a new organism producing
multicellular, fertile offspring
Basidia
• The word Basidium literally means “little pedestal”
• One Basidium usually bears four sexual spores called
basidiospores
– Occasionally the number can be 2 or even 8
– Each Basidiospore is haploid
• Each Basidiospore is borne at the tip of a narrow prong called a
Sterigna
Basidiomycota Reproduction
(Sporadic Reproduction)
1. Basidiospores are created
through meiosis
2. The Basidiospores are
forcefully ejected and
carried by the wind
3. The Basidiospore lands on
the ground
4. Mycelia grows from spore
to find mate
5. When two Mycelia meet
they form a Dikaryotic
Mycelium and grow into a
new mushroom
Mushrooms
• Class: Basidiomycetes
• Order: Agaricales
• A mushroom is a fleshy, spore
bearing, fruiting body of
fungus
– They typically form on the
ground or directly on a food
source
• Mushrooms are primary
decomposers
• There are approx. 14,000
described species of
mushrooms
• Mushrooms often look like
umbrellas with a stem
reaching from the ground.
A Mushroom – The Amanita
Muscaria also known as the
“fly agaric” (Poisonous)
Mushroom Structure
• From the ground up
– Mycelium- root like
structures for support and
absorbing nutrients
– Stalk- Elevates the
Basidiocarp
– Basidiocarp- or cap, or stipe,
or pileus, the “fruit body” of
the mushroom
– Gills- Underneath cap,
location of Basidia,
• Instead of gills there may
be ridges, pores or teeth
Absorbing Food (Mycelium)
• Mycelium is made up of
hyphae
• Absorbing nutrients takes
place in a two step process
– First, the Mycelium secrete
enzymes into the food
source, which break it down
– Once broken down they are
absorbed through facilitated
diffusion and active
transport
– Simple!
Spore Prints
• Spore Print
– If a mushroom is plucked
and left upside down, it
will accumulate a visible
pile of spores over its
gills, this is called a spore
print
• Spore Prints vary in
color
• Spore Prints help to
identify mushrooms
Mushroom Toxins
• Produce secondary metabolite
– organic compound that is not directly involved in the
normal growth, development, or reproduction of
organisms
– Most likely function is to protect the stem and cap
– Toxin can be…
• Toxic, sickness or death
• Mind-altering, ex. “Psilocybin mushrooms” aka
“Shrooms”
• Antibiotic
• Antiviral
• Bioluminescent, aid in spore dispersal, such as a bee and
flower
– 71 species known to have Bioluminescence
Rusts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Class: Urediniomycetes
Order: Uredinales
Rusts are multicellular
They are plant parasites
Rusts reproduce asexually
Rusts are named because
during the spore stage they
resemble the corrosion rust
• Rusts are not the same as the
corrosion of metal
• In most cases one species of
rust can only infect one
species of plant
– Useful in biological control
Infection
• When a rust particle lands on a plant it first needs to attach
itself to it or it will get washed off
– The rust spore produces hydrophobic mucilaginous which will
stick the spore to the plant
• The spore then must penetrate the plant surface, usually through
the stomata of the plant
– To do this it will send out tubes called germ tubes, a form of
Mycelium, that will locate a stomata and enter it
• Once the tube is inside of the epidermis, a Haustoria Mother
Cell develops on the cell wall of a plant cell. Then a Haustoria
pushes its way into the plant cell where it steals nutrients from
it until it is ready to sporulate
Rust Reproduction
• Asexual
• Spore generating
structures called
uredinia
– Uredinia ruptures
the epidermis and
begin releasing
spores
Smuts
•
•
•
•
Class: Ustomycetes
Order: Ustilaginales
Smuts are multicellular
They cause disease in
plants
– The Corn Smut for example
• Reproduce asexually
Smuts
• Smuts are like viruses
– They attack the plants reproductive
system
• Entering usually through the Ovaries
– They feed off of the plants fruit
– They form Galls 
• Tumor like growths that contain spores
– Darken and Burst
– Releasing more spores that infect other
plants
Smuts in Mexico
• In Mexico Corn
infected with Smuts are
a delicacy
– Sell for higher price
than corn
• The Smut infected corn
is harvested while the
gall is immature
• The Gall is filled with
tasty spores
• Yummy!!
Works Cited
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.shroomery.org/
http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/fungi/types2.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_fungi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smut_(fungus)
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Basidiomycota/Jel
ly_Fungi.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom
http://tolweb.org/Basidiomycota
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Basidiomycota/Us
tomycetes/Ustomycetes.htm
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Basidiomycota/Ba
sidiomycetes.htm