Transcript Semester Exam Review - Milton

Semester Exam Review
Biology 2016
State the three basic units of the metric
system and what they measure
1. Length?
2. Mass?
3. Volume?
METER
GRAM
LITER
Convert metric units using decimal
movements (aka “The Ladder Method”
170000 cm
4. 1700m = _______
.050
5. 50mg = ________
g
78000
6. 78L = _________
mL
Place the independent variable and dependent
variable of an experiment on the proper axes of a
bar graph or line graph
7.
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
8.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Recognize different types of data collected in
an experiment
9. The sponge emerged from its capsule from one side first.
QUALITATIVE
10. The capsule was sticky.
QUALITATIVE
11. The red capsule emerged first, with an average time of 58 seconds.
QUANTITATIVE
12.
QUANTITATIVE
Formulate a hypothesis based on a given set
of observations
13. What was the hypothesis?
THE ENERGY DRINK
INCREASES THE
PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKERS
Distinguish between an independent and
dependent variable
14. What is the independent
variable?
ENERGY DRINK
15. What is the dependent
variable?
STACKS OF STAPLED PAPER
Design a controlled experiment where only a
single variable is tested
16. Name a control in this
experiment.
SAME TASK
State the six steps of the scientific method, in
order
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Problem/Question about the natural world
Background Information
HYPOTHESIS
________17____________
Experiment/Observation
DATA ANALYSIS
________18____________
Conclusion/Inferences
Distinguish between a hypothesis and an
opinion
19. Chipotle is better than Hot Head.
OPINION
20. Windex prevents streaking of glass better than other glass
cleaners.
HYPOTHESIS
21. Mrs. Harlow is the best science teacher ever.
OPINION
Identify questions that can be answered by
science
22. What color is the most beautiful?
NO
23. How does acid rain affect plant life?
YES
24. Do people go out to eat too much?
NO
25. Recognize when an experiment is
unethical AND explain why
A strange nerve disease attacked the people on an island. Symptoms of
the disease included weakness and loss of appetite; victims often died
of heart failure. Scientists thought the disease might be caused by
bacteria. They injected healthy island inhabitants with bacteria from
the blood of the sick patients. The injected people also became sick.
IT CAUSES HARM TO HUMAN LIFE
Observe the effects of changing variables in
an experiment
26. Is Matthew’s hypothesis
supported or rejected according
to this experiment?
REJECTED
Observe the effects of changing variables in
an experiment
27. Is Barney’s hypothesis
supported or rejected according
to this experiment?
REJECTED
Draw a water molecule and label the atoms
and their partial charges.
28. Name the three atoms that make up a water molecule.
1 O and 2 H
29. Draw a water molecule.
30. Label the partial charges on that water molecule.
Distinguish between adhesion and cohesion.
Adhesion or Cohesion?
31. Water droplets have a tendency to merge together into one
droplet if close enough.
Cohesion
32. Water will travel up as a single column in a plant stem.
Cohesion
33. Water will stick to the side of a graduated cylinder, forming a
meniscus.
Adhesion
List the four atoms that make up the four
macromolecules.
34. Name the four most abundant atoms in the macromolecules that
make up living cells.
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Distinguish between a monomer and polymer.
List the four macromolecules and name the
monomer for each.
Name the monomer of each polymer below.
A simple sugar, like glucose
35. A carbohydrate, such as starch.
36. A lipid.
A fatty acid
37. A protein/polypeptide.
An amino acid
38. A nucleic acid.
A nucleotide, like A, T, C, or G
Describe the role of proteins in living
organisms.
39. Why are proteins so important to living organisms?
They physically make up your body, especially your hair, skin, nails, muscles, and organs.
They allow the cell membrane to transport large and polar molecules.
They are the enzymes that allow your body to complete chemical reactions.
Describe Anton Van Leeuwenhoek’s
contribution to cellular biology.
40. Why is Anton van Leeuwenhoek referred to as the “Father of
Microbiology”?
He was the first to view and record specimens (pond water protozoa)
using a microscope.
List the three principles of the cell theory.
41. The cell theory states that …
a. Cells are the basic unit of life.
b. All living things are made of cells.
Other cells
c. And that cells come from _______________________.
42. Name the four cell structures in common
to all cell types.
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
Distinguish between a prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell.
43. What structure is present in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic
cells?
Nucleus
Describe the function of the following cell parts:
nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, cytoskeleton,
microtubules, microfilaments, plastids, ribosomes,
golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell
wall, and cell membrane.
Name the cell structure that goes with each function.
Nucleus
44. Stores DNA.
Cytoplasm
45. The filling of the cell that surrounds the nucleus.
46. Breaks down organelles that are no longer useful. Lysosomes
47. Makes proteins using coded instructions from the nucleus.
Ribosomes
Describe the function of the following cell parts:
nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, cytoskeleton,
microtubules, microfilaments, plastids, ribosomes,
golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell
wall, and cell membrane.
Name the cell structure that goes with each function.
48. Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or release from
the cell.
Golgi
49. Converts energy (2 possible answers.) Mitochondria and chloroplast
50. Only in plants and bacteria. Supports and protects the cell. Cell Wall
51. Serves as a boundary to the cell’s environment and regulates the
movement of materials into and out of the cell.
Cell Membrane
Describe the function of the cell membrane
Diffusion, Osmosis, or Active Transport?
Diffusion
52. Yum! Something smells good. The neighbors are cooking on the grill.
53. Gargling with salt water when you have a sore throat causes your
swollen throat cells to shrink and feel better.
Osmosis
54. Oxygen molecules move from the air sacs in the lungs across the cell
membranes into the blood.
55. This type of transport against the concentration gradient requires
energy.
Active Transport
56. One way to get rid of slugs in your garden is to sprinkle salt on them, so
they shrivel up.
Predict the direction of movement of particles
across a membrane by diffusion.
Predict the direction of movement of water
through a membrane by osmosis.
57. Will the particles move in or out of the cell?
OUT
Predict the direction of movement of particles
across a membrane by diffusion.
Predict the direction of movement of water
through a membrane by osmosis.
58. Will the particles move in or out of the cell?
IN
Predict the direction of movement of particles
across a membrane by diffusion.
Predict the direction of movement of water
through a membrane by osmosis.
59. Is this cell hypo-, hyper, or isotonic?
HYPERTONIC
Predict the direction of movement of particles
across a membrane by diffusion.
Predict the direction of movement of water
through a membrane by osmosis.
60. Where will water move in this cell?
IN AND OUT AT AN EQUAL RATE
Distinguish between endocytosis and
exocytosis
61. Which type of bulk transport is this?
ENDOCYTOSIS
Distinguish between a plant and animal cell.
62. Name the three structures of a plant cell that animal cells do not
have.
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Central Vacuole
63. Where will water move to in this experiment (into or out of
bag)?
INTO
64. What is this movement of water called?
OSMOSIS
65. Would this movement create a hypotonic, isotonic, or
hypertonic state?
HYPOTONIC
66. The gummy bear on the left is in a hypotonic state. Into what liquid
was it most likely placed?
PURE
WATER
67. Dialysis tubing allows small solute particles to pass through it. What
is this property of dialysis tubing (and cell membranes) called?
SELECTIVE
PERMEABILITY
68. Where will the solute, glucose, move to in this experiment
(into or out of bag)?
OUT
69. What is this movement of solute particles called?
DIFFUSION
70. Why do glucose particles move out of the bag?
PARTICLES MOVE
FROM AREAS OF HIGH
CONCENTRATION TO
LOW CONCENTRATION
TO REACH EQUAL
CONCENTRATION
LOW
HIGH
71. An egg placed in corn syrup will shrivel up and lose mass. Why?
WATER MOVES TO
HIGHLY CONCENTRATED
CORN SYRUP OR VINEGAR
PARTICLE MOVE TO WHERE
THERE IS A LOW
CONCENTRATION OF VINEGAR
72. Is this a plant cell or animal cell? How do you know?
PLANT CELL. IT HAS…
VACUOLE, CELL WALL,
CHLOROPLAST, AND IS
RECTANGLE
73. Which organelle allows a plant to regulate its homeostasis through
osmosis?
VACUOLE
74. Why would these animal cells rupture in hypotonic conditions,
whereas a plant cell would not?
THEY DO NOT
HAVE A CELL WALL
Requires energy or does NOT require energy?
DOES NOT
75. Osmosis?
76. Diffusion?
77. Facilitated Diffusion?
78. Active Transport?
DOES
79. Since active transport goes AGAINST the natural concentration
gradient, it requires energy. It also requires __________________
(A)
PROTEINS
embedded in the cell membrane.
Some molecules are too large to move through the membrane,
so the cell must use bulk transport, which also requires energy.
Name the two types of transport shown.
80 ENDOCYTOSIS
81 EXOCYTOSIS
82. Name the energy molecule that the cell utilizes for transport of
materials AND other important life functions
ATP
83. Name molecule 3.
ENZYME
84. What is molecule 3 made of?
PROTEIN
85. Since molecule 3 speeds up chemical reactions, what is it called?
CATALYST
86. How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
THEY LOWER THE ACTIVATION
ENERGY SO THAT THE REACTION
CAN START MORE EASILY
87. Name molecule 1.
SUBSTRATE/REACTANT
88. Name molecule 2.
PRODUCTS
89. This enzyme has been denatured, either by heat or a chemical such
as an acid. Why is denaturation bad for enzymes, and consequently,
living organisms?
IT CHANGES THE SHAPE SO THAT THE ENZYME
CAN NO LONGER FIT WITH ITS SUBSTRATE
90. Which reaction is the fastest?
A
B
C
D
A
91. Which reaction is the fastest?
A
B
C
A
92. Which reaction is the fastest?
A
B
C
A
93. Which temperature is best for this enzyme?
~40◦C
94. Which pH is best for this enzyme?
~pH7
95. What is the fastest velocity (Vmax) this enzyme can catalyze this
reaction?
~+9.0
96. Name this chemical reaction.
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration
 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
97. Name the two reactants.
Glucose and Oxygen
98. Where in the cell does this reaction occur?
Mitochondria
99. If there is no oxygen for respiration, which chemical reaction will the
cell utilize instead?
C6H12O6 + 6O2
 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Fermentation
100. What are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation in human muscle
or bacteria cells, and alcohol fermentation
101. Name this chemical reaction.
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Photosynthesis
102. Name the two products of this reaction.
Glucose and Oxygen
103. What is the relationship between
enzyme concentration and reaction rate?
104. What is the optimum temperature for
this enzyme?
105. What most likely happens to the
enzyme in acidic conditions?
106. What chemical reaction is occurring?
107. What chemical reaction is occurring?
108. Which “cell” has a bigger volume?
C
C
A
B
109. Which “cell” has a bigger surface area?
C
C
A
B
110. Which “cell” has the biggest surface
area to volume ratio?
A
C
A
B
111. Which “cell” would be least likely to
survive?
C
C
A
B
112. WHY?????
Smaller cells diffuse needed nutrients into the
cell faster than large cells.
C
A
B
113. Name the process by which a cell divides
into two daughter cells, each with its own copy of
the parent’s DNA.
Mitosis
114. If a parent cell has 32 chromosomes, how
many chromosomes will be in each of the
daughter cells AFTER mitosis?
32
115. G1, S, and G2 are collectively calledINTERPHASE
_______________.
Name the phase:
G1, S, G2, M
116. Cell Division (Mitosis)
117.Chromosomes are duplicated
118. Preparation for mitosis
119. Interphase begins
120. Name the four phases of mitosis IN ORDER.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Name the phase:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
121. Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
122. Chromosomes repackage as chromatin in two
separate nuclei
123. Nucleus breaks apart
124. Sister chromatids separate from each other
125. Name the structures that pull chromosomes
to opposite ends of the cell via spindle fibers.
Centriole/Centrosome
126. Name the form of DNA in the nucleus.
CHROMATIN
127. Name the parts of the chromosome.
CENTROMERE
SISTER CHROMATID
128. Name the disease that results when cells
have lost the ability to control their cell division
rate.
Cancer
129. What is a mass of cells that continue to
divide without any control from cell cycle
checkpoints?
Tumor
130. Name the gene that codes for regulators of
the cell cycle.
p53
131.The process of cells becoming specialized is called
DIFFERENTIATION
_____________________.
STEM
132. Cells that have not differentiated yet are referred to as ________
cells.