Transcript Punnett Squares

Welcome
Grade 9 Science
•
•
•
•
Today
Course Outline
Body Cell/Sex Cell
Mitosis
• Homework
• Parents sign form – Sept 12
• Be ready to share
-1-2 questions PER GROUP
about the course outline
INDIVIDUALLY
-3 differences between plant
and animal cells
-Summary of Powerpoint
(good copy)
Body Cell & Sex Cell
What is the Difference?
Humans, giraffes, chickens, gorillas or
watermelons are made of
cells
Inside every cell is
a nucleus
Inside every nucleus there are
chromosomes
In humans there are
46 chromosomes in all BODY
cells
23 chromosomes in all SEX cells
Testes contain
sperm cells
(23
chromosomes)
(23 pairs)
Ovaries
contain
egg cells
(23
chromosomes)
(23 single chromosomes)
In cats there are
38 chromosomes
in all body cells
...and in the sex cells??????
19 chromosomes in all sex cells
Why would sex cells have half the
number of chromosomes as body
cells? This is perfect! I have 19
chromosomes in my egg cells as
well. Together we can make a
new kitten 1 cell big ....
with 38 chromosomes!!
Summary of Chromosomes
• Sex cells have half the number
of chromosomes compared to
body cells.
• The body cell number of
chromosomes is called the
DIPLOID number. Half that
amount is called the HAPLOID
number.
Example: A cat has 38
chromosomes in all body cells but
19 (half the amount) in its sex
cells.
Humans have 46 chromosomes in
all body cells but 23
chromosomes in their sex cells.
• The number of chromosomes
varies depending on the
organism
• chromosomes contain tightly
wound DNA. When you uncoil
it you can see the double helix.
• Sex cells are called sperm cells
in males (found in the testes)
and egg cells in females (found
in the ovaries)
Complete Worksheets
Sex Cells Body Cells
BLM 2-9 How Do the Number of
Chromosomes in Body Cells & Sex Cells
Compare?
1) Sex cells have half the
number of
chromosomes that body
cells do
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Tomato 12,12
Pea 10, 10
Rabbit 22,22
Chicken 39,39
Mouse 20, 20
Crayfish 100, 100
3) Housefly
sperm
egg
body cell
eye cell
12
12
24
24
BLM 2-10
Sex Cells – A Different Story
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Body cells
Sex cells (gametes)
Body cells
Mitosis
Egg
sperm
Chromosomes
23
78
39
46
12) The data suggests that the
smaller the animal, the more
chromosomes. In reality there
is no relationship between the
size & complexity of an
organism and its number of
chromosomes
13) Sex cells have HALF the
number of chromosomes
as body cells
Welcome
Grade 9 Science
Today
• Course Outline
• Body Cell/Sex Cell
• Mitosis
Homework
• Parents sign form – Sept 12
• Be ready to share
-1-2 questions PER GROUP
about the course outline
INDIVIDUALLY
-3 differences between plant
and animal cells
-Summary of Powerpoint
(good copy)
Differences Between Plant & Animal
Cells
• Plant
• Animal
What’s the Difference Between Body Cells And Sex
Cells?
Summarize What you have learned so far…
• Body Cells
Sex Cells
Welcome
Grade 9 Science
•
•
•
•
Today
Course Outline
Body Cell/Sex Cell
Mitosis
• Homework
• Parents sign form – Sept 12
• Be ready to share
-1-2 questions PER GROUP
about the course outline
INDIVIDUALLY
-3 differences between plant
and animal cells
-Summary of Powerpoint
(good copy)
When do we want to “copy” our cells?
(9-5)
• Replace dead (or
injured) cells
• More cells to
complete the tasks
your body needs
done means your
body can process
more quickly
• To grow larger in
size
• To reproduce your
species (uses meiosis
not mitosis)
• To recover from
disease (back-up cells)
• Dead cells (hair, nails)
protect us
When do we want to “copy” our cells?
(9-4)
• More cells can do that
function (job/ role) for
your body
• Replace injured cells
• Replace dead cells
• Increase our size
• Collect dead cells on
body parts for
protections (hair)
Mitosis
• We copy our cells by a process called mitosis
• Cut out and place these pictures on a piece of
looseleaf in correct order.
• Label these pictures with the name of their
phase
Mitosis Video & Animation
• http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=-G3BDlnK58
Suppose we had a cell with 4
chromosomes…
Cycle of ______________’s Life
Cell Cycle
Cycle of ______________’s Life
Cell Cycle
Welcome
Grade 9 Science
• Homework
Today
• Parents sign form – Sept 12
• Course Outline
• Body Cell/Sex Cell • Any questions about the course
outline?
• Mitosis
-3 differences between plant
and animal cells
-Summary of Powerpoint
(good copy)
Lab: DNA Extraction
• 9-4 Groups
• 9-5 Lab Groups
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•
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•
•
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•
•
•
Markus, Garrett, Imoudu
Marium, Emily, Julia
Christina, Sarah, Aiah
Michelle, Sydney, Shuang Fei Yan
Angeli, Christian, Kelechi
Louis (Zi Hao), Patrick, Kushpreet
Emory, Walter, Shaheer
Ethan, Yasiru, Ahmed
Jun, Kevin, Rajeevan
27 (Daniel missing)=28
Worksheet “Cell Cycle”
Answers to Fill-in-the-Blanks
“The Cell Cycle”
• Reproduce cells
• Interphase, chromatin, chromosome
• Mitosis
– Prophase, disappear, spindle fibers, double stranded
chromosome (called centromere)
– Metaphase, line (middle)
– Anaphase, contract, apart, opposite sides
– Telophase, DNA, spindle fibers, nuclear membrane,
chromatin
Cytoplasmic Division
-sets of DNA (nuclei is also a great answer), cell membrane,
cell plate
Daughter cells (genetically identical), begins again
Diagram of Interphase
Diagram of Prophase
Diagram of Metaphase
Diagram of Anaphase
Diagram of Telophase
Diagram of Cell Division in an Animal
Cell
Diagram of Cell Division in a Plant Cell
Welcome
Grade 9 Science
•
•
•
•
• Homework
Today
• Parents sign form – Sept 12
Course Outline
Body Cell/Sex Cell • Any questions about the course
outline?
Mitosis
-3 differences between plant
and animal cells
-Summary of Powerpoint
(good copy)
What are Chromosomes?
Each chromosome is made of
DNA
DNA
• is Deoxyribonucleic acid
• In one chromosome there is about 2 meters of
DNA (in a human body there are 3 trillion cells
so there is 10-20 billion miles of DNA)
• That’s from here to Pluto + back 20 times
Scientists Who Discovered DNA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VegLVn_1oCE&safe=active
• Watson was a _________________. Crick was
a __________________. They worked at
Cambridge University in England.
• What did Rosalyn Franklin contribute to the
discovery of DNA?
• What is the structure of DNA?
Structure of DNA
• Describe the structure of DNA.
DNA
• holds the genetic codes that determine your
traits (hair color, eye color, height, probability
for certain diseases)
• can be mutated
• holds information for directing all cell
activities!!
Structure of DNA
Describe the structure of DNA.
• Double helix (twisted ladder)
• Phosphate and sugar “backbone”
• 4 nitrogen bases
– Adenine (A)
– Thymine (T)
– Cytosine (C)
– Guanine (G)
A & T always pair together
C & G always pair together
DNA has to be copied to all new cells.
How does this happen?
• DNA (and all other cell parts) are
“photocopied” by MITOSIS!!!!!!!!!
Watch this mitosis video!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G3BDlnK58
Lab: DNA Extraction
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•
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•
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•
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9-4 Groups (Tuesday Sept 16, period 5)
Brayden, Ashley, Dayna
Hardik, Calon, Riley Mc
Matt Mc, Mary, Jillian
Matt L, Sam W, Marya
Akul, Kobe, Yohan
Joanna, Thanwa, Dmitra
William, Kaleb, Imesha
Raj, Riley K, Rafael
ABSENT DAY OF LAB
Joe , Nathan, Sean K, Yurui Zhao
28 students
14 prelabs received (in black above)
• 3 no name – 2 pencil 1 pen
•
9-5 Lab Groups (Monday Sept 15,
period 3; quiz on Tuesday)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Markus, Garrett, Imoudu
Mariam, Emily, Julia
Christina, Sarah, Aiah
Michelle, Sydney, Shuang Fei Yan
Angeli, Christian, Kelechi
Louis (Zi Hao), Patrick, Kushpreet
Emory, Walter, Shaheer
Ethan, Yasiru, Ahmed
Jun, Kevin, Rajeevan
27 (Daniel missing)=28
17 received(in black above)
Onion Cell Mitosis
• Akul  you are in charge. Hand out the Onion
Cell Mitosis Sheets!
• This is a TYPICAL representative sample of
onion cells
• Interphase
• Mitosis P
M
A
T
• Cell Division/Cytoplasmic Division/Cytokinesis
Answers for “Onion Cell Mitosis”
1. metaphase______
2. prophase________
3. telophase_______
4. interphase______
5. interphase_______
6. interphase_______
7. anaphase________
8. interphase______
9. anaphase______
10. interphase______
11. metaphase_______
12. telophase_______
13. interphase____
14. prophase_____
15. interphase_____
16. interphase______
17. metaphase_____
18. interphase_____
19. What percentage of the cells are in
interphase?
8 out of 18
9/18 x 100 = 50%
20. What percentage of the cells are in
metaphase?
3 out of 18
3/18 x 100 = 17%
21. A cell spends much more time in
interphase than in mitosis.
Therefore, in a typical sample of
cells, the probability of seeing a cell
in interphase is higher than seeing
one in mitosis.
22. The cell cycle is the continuous
cycle of interphase, mitosis and
CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION
23. tissue, stomach lining or muscle,
organ, lungs or stomach, organ
system, digestive system or nervous
system.
Quiz: Cell Cycle
• On a fresh sheet of looseleaf,
write your name at the top
and the title “Cell Cycle”
• Write the name of the phase
of the cell cycle that the cell
spends MOST of its time in.
• Cut (from the paper provided)
or draw the 4 phases of
mitosis in proper order.
• For EACH of the 4 phases of
mitosis
– Label the phase with its name
– Give 1 important event that
happens
• Complete your page by
naming the phase that comes
AFTER mitosis
• Explain what the RESULT of
the cell cycle (what is the point
of the entire cell cycle? What
do we end up getting at the
end of it?)
Overdues???
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•
•
•
DNA model (CUTOUTS)
DNA Lab
Quiz: cell Cycle
Project Notes due
Wednesday
Lab: DNA Extraction
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
9-4 Groups (Tuesday Sept 16, period 5)
Brayden, Ashley, Dayna
Hardik, Calon, Riley Mc
Matt Mc, Mary, Jillian
Matt L, Sam W, Marya
Akul, Kobe, Yohan
Joanna, Thanwa, Dmitra
William, Kaleb, Imesha
Raj, Riley K, Rafael
ABSENT DAY OF LAB
Joe , Nathan, Sean K, Yurui Zhao
28 students
14 prelabs received (in black above)
• 3 no name – 2 pencil 1 pen
•
9-5 Lab Groups (Monday Sept 15,
period 3; quiz on Tuesday)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Markus, Garrett, Imoudu
Mariam, Emily, Julia
Christina, Sarah, Aiah
Michelle, Sydney, Shuang Fei Yan
Angeli, Christian, Kelechi
Louis (Zi Hao), Patrick, Kushpreet
Emory, Walter, Shaheer
Ethan, Yasiru, Ahmed
Jun, Kevin, Rajeevan
27 (Daniel missing)=28
17 received(in black above)
Quiz: Cell Cycle
• On a fresh sheet of looseleaf,
write your name at the top
and the title “Cell Cycle”
• Write the name of the phase
of the cell cycle that the cell
spends MOST of its time in.
• Cut (from the paper provided)
or draw the 4 phases of
mitosis in proper order.
• For EACH of the 4 phases of
mitosis
– Label the phase with its name
– Give 1 important event that
happens
• Complete your page by
naming the phase that comes
AFTER mitosis
• Explain what the RESULT of
the cell cycle (what is the point
of the entire cell cycle? What
do we end up getting at the
end of it?)
Quiz: Cell Cycle
• Mitosis is P,M,A,T
• Before is interphase
• Please see me 9-4
Replication (ie the
chromosomes get
double stranded)
• Please see me 9-5
• After is cell division
Project Schedule 9-5, 9-4
• Computers – Lab 110
• Computers – Lab 101
• 9-4 Thursday period 7
• 9-4 Monday period 7
• 9-4 Monday period 8